The Principal’s Role in Defining a Student Success-Based School Culture: The Impact of Specific Behaviors on School-Level Teacher Working Conditions

The purpose of this study was to examine principal behaviors that influenced working conditions. Further, the relationship between those behaviors and student success indicators was explored. Qualitative research methods were used to explore the research questions related to the study. First, detailed profiles of the schools were developed using historical student success indicators. Second, detailed individual interviews with case study school principals were conducted. Third, focus group interviews were conducted to collect data from school certified staff. According to principals and teachers at the case study schools, the school culture influenced student success outcomes positively when a vision of high expectations was realized in the schools, when the school subscribed to a learning-centered focus, and when the school genuinely believed in parental involvement as a cornerstone of success. Study participants revealed that specific behaviors of the principal influenced teacher satisfaction levels. When the principals valued staff, including their planning and instructional time, and when the principals listened to staff, their behaviors influenced teacher satisfaction. Principals influenced teacher satisfaction in a positive manner when they empowered staff, were visible within the school, and valued staff development, including the use of Professional Learning Communities. Study participants also revealed that the work environment influenced student success indicators positively or negatively. The work environment influenced outcomes positively when the principal placed a high value on teacher satisfaction, when the principal valued and built positive relationships, and when the principal communicated positively within the educational environment. A comprehensive analysis of student success indicators and qualitative data from principal and staff interviews revealed that principal behaviors influenced school culture and student success. Further, implications for practice and suggestions for further research are presented

A COMPARISON BETWEEN MOTIVATIONS AND PERSONALITY TRAITS IN RELIGIOUS TOURISTS AND CRUISE SHIP TOURISTS

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the motivations and the personality traits that characterize tourists who choose religious travels versus cruises. Participating in the research were 683 Italian tourists (345 males and 338 females, age range 18–63 years); 483 who went to a pilgrimage travel and 200 who chose a cruise ship in the Mediterranean Sea. Both groups of tourists completed the Travel Motivation Scale and the Big Five Questionnaire. Results show that different motivations and personality traits characterize the different types of tourists and, further, that motivations for traveling are predicted by specific —some similar, other divergent— personality trait