You and I are Past Our Dancing Days

Operating systems have grown in size and functionality. Today's many flavours of Unix provide a multi-user environment with protection, address spaces, and attempts to allocate resources fairly to users competing for them, They provide processes and threads, mechanisms for synchronization and memory sharing, blocking and nonblocking system calls, and a complex file system. Since it was first introduced, Unix has grown more then a factor twenty in size. Several operating systems now consist of a microkernel, surrounded by user-space services [Accetta et al., 1986; Mullender et al., 1990; Rozier et al., 1988]. Together they provide the functionality of the operating system. This operating system structure provides an opportunity to make operating systems even larger. The trend for operating systems to grow more and more baroque was signalled more than a decade ago [Feldman, 1980], but has continued unabated until, today, we have OSF/1, the most baroque Unix system ever. And we have Windows/NT as a demonstration that MS-DOS also needed to be replaced by something much bigger and a little better.\ud In this position paper, I am asking what community we serve with our operating systems research. Should we continue doing this, or can we make ourselves more useful to society and industry by using our experience in operating systems in new environments.\ud I argue that there is very little need for bigger and better operating systems; that, in fact, most cPus will never run an operating system at all; and that our experience in operating systems will be better applied to designing new generations of distributed and ubiquitous applications

Design and operation of a Loran-C time reference station

Some of the practical questions that arise when one decides to use Loran-C in a time reference system are explored. An extensive effort is made to provide basic, practical information on establishing and operating a reference station. Four areas were covered: (1) the design, configuration and operational concepts which should be considered prior to establishing and operating a reference station using Loran-C, (2) the options and tradeoffs available regarding capabilities, cost, size, versatility, ease of operation, etc., that are available to the designer, (3) what measurements are made, how they are made and what they mean, and (4) the experience the U.S. Naval Observatory Time Service Division has had in the design and operation of such stations

Robustness and Adaptability Analysis of Future Military Air Transportation Fleets

Making decisions about the structure of a future military fleet is challenging. Several issues need to be considered, including multiple competing objectives and the complexity of the operating environment. A particular challenge is posed by the various types of uncertainty that the future holds. It is uncertain what future events might be encountered and how fleet design decisions will influence these events. In order to assist strategic decision-making, an analysis of future fleet options needs to account for conditions in which these different uncertainties are exposed. It is important to understand what assumptions a particular fleet is robust to, what the fleet can readily adapt to, and what conditions present risks to the fleet. We call this the analysis of a fleet’s strategic positioning. Our main aim is to introduce a framework that captures information useful to a decision maker and defines the concepts of robustness and adaptability in the context of future fleet design. We demonstrate our conceptual framework by simulating an air transportation fleet problem. We account for uncertainty by employing an explorative scenario-based approach. Each scenario represents a sampling of different future conditions and different model assumptions. Proposed changes to a fleet are then analysed based on their influence on the fleet’s robustness, adaptability, and risk to different scenarios

A new taxonomy for distributed computer systems based upon operating system structure

Characteristics of the resource structure found in the operating system are considered as a mechanism for classifying distributed computer systems. Since the operating system resources, themselves, are too diversified to provide a consistent classification, the structure upon which resources are built and shared are examined. The location and control character of this indivisibility provides the taxonomy for separating uniprocessors, computer networks, network computers (fully distributed processing systems or decentralized computers) and algorithm and/or data control multiprocessors. The taxonomy is important because it divides machines into a classification that is relevant or important to the client and not the hardware architect. It also defines the character of the kernel O/S structure needed for future computer systems. What constitutes an operating system for a fully distributed processor is discussed in detail

The Origin of Wealth

What is wealth? This paper proposes wealth and poverty are opposite sides of the same coin and to know the source of one is to understand the cause of the other. It delves into the premise that if contemporary economics could consummately answer the question: what is wealth? scarcity, economic strife and poverty would not exist in the world today. Two kinds of wealth are discussed, aesthetic and technical wealth. Is it possible that contrary to belief, the use of assets and liabilities as a measure of wealth belong to the aesthetic view in the sense that in human psychology an asset is merely an object or factor that evokes positive emotional feelings; the capacity to measure this kind of wealth using complex mathematics does not turn assets and liabilities into real or technical wealth. Consequently wealth may be none of the popular or common notions human society perceives; this includes money, assets and so on. In addition to the psychological influence the tendency of money and assets to fluctuate over time reinforces its aesthetic stature. Businesses commonly publish financial statements in national media often as a legal requirement or a means of demonstrating their financial health or quite simply the state of their wealth , when in fact a financial statement, despite the mathematics applied to it, may be considered an example of aesthetic wealth; hence it is not reliable for clearly understanding or appreciating what wealth is as it is common knowledge even robust businesses can post attractive profits for the year in review then post losses for the same period the next year. Money is unlikely to be a form of real wealth either, it behaves like psychological or aesthetic wealth; the value of a large bank account which could purchase a boat may years later after the ravages of inflation may only purchase a golf cart. Appreciating this quandary is important in the sense that the rational processes motivating it affect financial literacy. There are many conundrums like this where what is observed is not necessarily what is taking place that defy conventional wisdom in economics, for example; the expenditure fallacy. Even brick and mortar assets are likely to be a form of aesthetic wealth rather than real wealth; the value of property can change dramatically year on year. Wealth is only as reliable as the economic operating system it functions in, in the same way that, as earthquakes demonstrate, a building, no matter how sturdy, has its sturdiness ultimately determined by the ground it stands on. Consequently, this paper introduces the concept of real or technical wealth; this is the capacity to understand what wealth actually is by being knowledgeable about how it functions at the level of the economic operating system. Blurring the lines between aesthetic and technical wealth can lead to an ambiguity about wealth as well as an inability to diagnose what prosperity is and where it originates from in the economy that leads to the inability to protect aesthetic wealth or create it in sufficient quantities. It also may lead to the immense disparities and peculiar discomforts of contemporary economies impaired by scarcity. A consequence of this may be a modern day inability to end poverty, unemployment and other economic problems. Consequently this paper employs cost curves to explain how the real wealth of businesses can be affected and determined by the economic operating system they function in. It goes further to employ the equation of exchange to demonstrate how wealth can be created in an economy at constant price and how the calibration of the economic operating system predetermines whether a country or economy is ultimately wealthy or wealthless.Scarcity; banking; credit creation; resource creation; implosion; wobble effect; economic thought; poverty; wealth; equation of exchange; cost curve; money; price; mark-up; cost plus pricing; rationality; operating level economics; economic growth; barter; expenditure fallacy; paradox.

The informal economy and business cycles

A vast literature has focused on what causes businesses to move into informality and what is the impact of an enlarging informal sector on growth. This paper shows that the size of the informal economy also affects business cycle volatility. Informal businesses are usually small in size, which not only prevents them from achieving economies of scale and from operating with the right capital/labor mix, but also restricts their access to credit markets. Because firms operating informally lack access to credit markets to neutralize the cash flow squeeze arising during recessions, they are more exposed to fluctuations in economic activity and more likely to fail. Using a Generalized Method of Moments methodology, this paper shows that countries with larger informal economies tend to undergo increased volatility in output, investment and consumption over the business cycle.business cycles, informal sector, legal institutions

Measurements of the indium hyperfine structure in an atmospheric-pressure flame by use of diode-laser-induced fluorescence

We report on what we believe is the first demonstration of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in flames by use of diode lasers. Indium atoms seeded into an atmospheric-pressure flame at trace concentrations are excited by a blue GaN laser operating near 410 nm. The laser is mounted in an external-cavity configuration, and the hyperfine spectrum of the 5(2)P(1/2) → 6(2)S(1/2) transition is captured at high resolution in single-wavelength sweeps lasting less than one tenth of a second. The research demonstrates the potential of diode-based LIF for practical diagnostics of high-temperature reactive flows

Internal Perspectivalism: The Solution to Generality Problems About Proper Function and Natural Norms

In this paper, I argue that what counts as the proper function of a trait is a matter of the de facto perspective that the biological system, itself, possesses on what counts as proper functioning for that trait. Unlike non-perspectival accounts, internal perspectivalism does not succumb to generality problems. But unlike external perspectivalism, internal perspectivalism can provide a fully naturalistic, mind-independent grounding of proper function and natural norms. The attribution of perspectives to biological systems is intended to be neither metaphorical nor anthropomorphic: I do not mean to imply that such systems thereby must possess agency, cognition, intentions, concepts, or mental or psychological states. Instead, such systems provide the grounding for norms of performance when they internally enforce their own standard of (i.e., their own perspective on) what constitutes proper functioning or malfunctioning. By operating with a fixed, determinate level of generality, such systems provide the basis for an account of proper function that is immune to generality problems