Ripples of Change – An AI Job Crafting Model for Human-in-Control

Introducing a new Artificial Intelligence (AI) system disrupts workers’ sense of control. To restore it, individual workers are likely to engage in self-initiated changes to their jobs. We build on job crafting theory and extend it to propose a theoretical model explaining the ripple effect of changes from tasks to skills, relationships, and finally job cognition. We introduce the concept of human-in-control (one’s perception of their ability to deliver desired work outcomes in a work context involving AI) as the goal of the job crafting process. Our work provides a novel and important perspective on job transformation with AI. As such, it opens numerous avenues for research in this nascent stream

Distrust in (X)AI -- Measurement Artifact or Distinct Construct?

Trust is a key motivation in developing explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). However, researchers attempting to measure trust in AI face numerous challenges, such as different trust conceptualizations, simplified experimental tasks that may not induce uncertainty as a prerequisite for trust, and the lack of validated trust questionnaires in the context of AI. While acknowledging these issues, we have identified a further challenge that currently seems underappreciated - the potential distinction between trust as one construct and \emph{distrust} as a second construct independent of trust. While there has been long-standing academic discourse for this distinction and arguments for both the one-dimensional and two-dimensional conceptualization of trust, distrust seems relatively understudied in XAI. In this position paper, we not only highlight the theoretical arguments for distrust as a distinct construct from trust but also contextualize psychometric evidence that likewise favors a distinction between trust and distrust. It remains to be investigated whether the available psychometric evidence is sufficient for the existence of distrust or whether distrust is merely a measurement artifact. Nevertheless, the XAI community should remain receptive to considering trust and distrust for a more comprehensive understanding of these two relevant constructs in XAI

Conversational AI Agents: Investigating AI-Specific Characteristics that Induce Anthropomorphism and Trust in Human-AI Interaction

The investment in AI agents has steadily increased over the past few years, yet the adoption of these agents has been uneven. Industry reports show that the majority of people do not trust AI agents with important tasks. While the existing IS theories explain users’ trust in IT artifacts, several new studies have raised doubts about the applicability of current theories in the context of AI agents. At first glance, an AI agent might seem like any other technological artifact. However, a more in-depth assessment exposes some fundamental characteristics that make AI agents different from previous IT artifacts. The aim of this dissertation, therefore, is to identify the AI-specific characteristics and behaviors that hinder and contribute to trust and distrust, thereby shaping users’ behavior in human-AI interaction. Using a custom-developed conversational AI agent, this dissertation extends the human-AI literature by introducing and empirically testing six new constructs, namely, AI indeterminacy, task fulfillment indeterminacy, verbal indeterminacy, AI inheritability, AI trainability, and AI freewill

Knowledge in Neuroscience Can Help Us Avoid Underperforming Leaders

The aim of this review is to present a new thinking for the evaluation and recruitment of leaders, to avoid underperforming leaders. To understand the problem and better predict the outcome, we need to know what controls the decisions of leaders. State of the art in psychology and neuroscience today has tools to perform this. These tools do not include the traditional traits. Our decisions are controlled by a few information processing networks, where cingulate cortex and insular cortex probably have a controlling role. This is also where we would expect our first individual impressions to be stored. The consequences of having different early experiences have been documented in attachment research, including several longitudinal studies. This research has contributed to the knowledge explaining why some leaders underperform or are detrimental, and it can be used for predictions in a leadership context. A significant difference between persons who had a rich early development and those who had a poor early development is their abilities to handle complexity and uncertainty, to have a good moral judgment, to understand other persons, to have integrity in conflicts, and to distinguish between appearance and reality. The five basic features that are focused are: trust in others, trust in self, flexibility, truthfulness, and responsibility

Using fNIRS to Verify Trust in Highly Automated Driving

Trust in automation is crucial for the safe and appropriate adoption of automated driving technology. Current research methods to measure trust mainly rely on subjective scales, with several intrinsic limitations. This empirical experiment proposes a novel method to measure trust objectively, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Through manipulating participants’ expectations regarding driving automation credibility, we have induced and successfully measured opposing levels of trust in automation. Most notably, our results evidence two separate yet interrelated cortical mechanisms for trust and distrust. Trust is demonstrably linked to decreased monitoring and working memory, whereas distrust is event-related and strongly tied to affective (or emotional) mechanisms. This paper evidence that trust in automation and situation awareness are strongly interrelated during driving automation usage. Our findings are crucial for developing future driver state monitoring technology that mitigates the impact of inappropriate reliance, or over trust, in automated driving systems

Trust and Distrust Scale Development: Operationalization and Instrument Validation

Trust and distrust have been studied at great length by researchers in the field of information systems and various other fields over the past few decades without reaching consensus on conceptualization and measurement. The goal of this study was to determine if individual trust and distrust are separate constructs or opposite ends of the same continuum. To this end, based on theoretical rationale, an aggregation of extant, validated trust and distrust instruments combined with newly created trust and distrust items were used as input into a rigorous Q-sorting procedure. The Q-sorting process led to the first contribution of this research: a determination that individual trust and distrust are separate and distinct variables and should be measured individually. An empirical field test was then distributed to test the effects of trust and distrust on a downstream variable within the nomological network of trust and distrust, willingness to transact. Over 100 undergraduate students, who are considered to be digital natives, responded to the survey. Through exploratory and confirmatory analyses, the list of 38 items from the Q-sort was narrowed to a parsimonious set of 20 items, exhibiting content, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity. The creation of a list of items to measure individual trust and distrust is the second major contribution of this research. Post-hoc analyses showed significant main effects of trust and distrust, in the theorized directions, on willingness to transact. Additional post-hoc analysis based on quadrant membership, as described by Lewicki et al. (1998), and IT artifact, yielded too few results to make interpretations. Further, since this study made no hypotheses a priori, the post-hoc analyses should be interpreted with caution. Path analysis should be re-examined in future studies with theoretically developed hypotheses. Finally, since exploratory and confirmatory analyses were performed on the same data set, the results should be re-evaluated in the context of a larger, more diverse sample, to further add to the body of knowledge surrounding individual trust and distrust

The under-recognition of trauma in the diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

BPD is a complex condition presenting with a wide array of features, making it difficult to diagnose and treat. Controversially, there is also concern about BPD misdiagnosis due to under-recognition of trauma and PTSD/CPTSD (Complex PTSD) because of common aetiology. PTSD/CPTSD has a better track record of successful treatment; as typically BPD treatment focuses more on symptoms, while PTSD/CPTSD treats underlying traumatic causes. Aim: The research objective is to assess if early screening for traumatic exposure and PTSD/CPTSD symptoms will enhance BPD diagnosis, and lead to improved treatment. Methodology: Following clinical and academic reviews, two stages were completed. Stage 1: Initially medical records of BPD (N=60) patients in three UK Mental Health Hospitals were examined for evidence of BPD, trauma, PTSD and CPTSD. Stage 2: Separate BPD outpatients (N=40) were screened for trauma, PTSD/CPTSD using a new simple ‘BPD Trauma Exposure and Reactions Screen’ (BTERS). Reliability and validity was then assessed using recommended reference instruments (CAPS and SIDES). Results: Trauma was recorded in 47% of the stage 1 medical records, 100% in stage 2, 92.5% trauma in childhood. Sixty percent of stage 2 patients suffered distressing non-life-threatening trauma consistent with Adjustment Disorder. High trauma percentages in BPD are explained by a combination of life-threatening trauma, requiring specialist PTSD/CPTSD treatment, and non-life-threatening, which is treatable using similar techniques by BPD clinicians without specialist training. Conclusions: Although insufficient evidence for BPD misdiagnosis was found, an under-diagnosis of comorbid PTSD/CPTSD was confirmed. Without initial screening (BTERS) of BPD patients, clinicians are missing PTSD/CPTSD diagnoses, and hence are losing the opportunity for early treatment for a significant percentage of BPD patients, which could be critical to improved recovery and reduced suicide rates

On the Dual Uses of Science and Ethics Principles, Practices, and Prospects

Ethics, humanity, techonolog