How Design Plays Strategic Roles in Internet Service Innovation: Lessons from Korean Companies

In order to survive in the highly competitive internet business, companies have to provide differentiated services that can satisfy the rapidly changing users’ tastes and needs. Designers have been increasingly committed to achieving user satisfaction by generating and visualizing innovative solutions in new internet service development. The roles of internet service design have expanded from a narrow focus on aesthetics into a more strategic aspect. This paper investigates the methods of managing design in order to enhance companies’ competitiveness in internet business. The main research processes are to: (1) explore the current state of internet service design in Korea through in-depth interviews with professional designers and survey questionnaires to 30 digital design agencies and 60 clients; (2) compare how design is managed between in-house design groups and digital design agencies though the case studies of five Korean companies; and (3) develop a taxonomy characterizing four roles of designers in conjunction with the levels of their strategic contributions to internet service innovation: visualist, solution provider, concept generator, and service initiator. In addition, we demonstrate the growing contributions of the strategic use of design for innovating internet services, building robust brand equity, and increasing business performance. Keywords: Design Management; Internet Business; Internet Service Design; Digital Design; Digital Design Agency; In-House Design Group, Case Study</p

User Generated Diversity. Some reflections on how to improve the quality of amateur productions

The potential of user created content to make a meaningful contribution to media diversity is subject to debates. Central to these debates is the argument of the quality of amateur productions. This article will take a close look at this argument, and make some suggestions on how to improve the quality and utility of amateur productions with regard to the democratic functions of media.user created content, diversity, quality, strategies

Recommendation for Mongolia

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 법과대학 법학과, 2019. 2. 박준석.초록 서비스제공자의 저작권 관련 책임에 관한 비교법적 연구: 몽골을 위한 제안을 위하여 우리는 지금 인터넷 없이는 어려움을 겪는 독특한 환경에 살고 있다. 인터넷은 우리에게 문학 창작 및 배포, 지식 전달 등 다른 많은 활동에 개인적으로 참여할 수 있는 기회를 제공한다. 인터넷 개발 초기 때는 주요 쟁점은 많은 사람들에게 접근성을 최대한 허용하는데 관한 것이었지만 요즘은 보다 안전한 환경을 구축하고 저작권 소유자, 인터넷 사용자 및 인터넷 서비스 공급자인 세가지 다른 이익을 평등하게 보호하는 것을 강화하고 있다. 본 연구에서, 인터넷의 부정적 사용으로 인해 발생하고 있는 명예 훼손, 모욕, 개인 정보의 불법 사용, 저작권침해 등의 여러 사이버 범죄 중에 사이버 환경에서의 저작권침해 문제를 강조하고, 이용자생산콘텐츠와 관련하여 서비스제공자의 책임 또는 책임 면제에 대한 법적 규제를 주제로 삼았다. 서비스제공자의 책임 또는 의무에 관해 저작권법상 생겨난 최근 변화를 반영하기 위해 여러 국가들에서 각자의 저작권법 개정안이 논의되고 있다. 또한 서비스제공자의 책임면제에 대한 규제의 여러 가지 개념이 있으며 많은 학술논문과 기사에서 사이버공간에서의 저작권 침해와 관련하여 사이버 신고접수, 저작권 침해 저작물 및 정보 삭제의 규정의 효과를 평가했다. 그러나 이 문제에 대한 공통된 입장은 없으며 법적 환경에서 저작권 보유자, 인터넷 사용자 및 인터넷 서비스 공급자의 이익을 균형 잡는데 여전히 어려움을 겪고 있다. 본 연구는 사이버공간에서의 저작권 침해에 관련된 국제법 및 규제 경험의 조사를 바탕으로 몽골은 (1) 현행 저작권법을 개정하고 인터넷 서비스 공급자에 대한 규제를 도입할지 여부, (2) 미국과 한국의 경험을 통해 온라인 저작권 침해에 관한 다른 국가의 경험을 어떻게 배우고 반영 할 수 있는지, (3) 지금의 저작권 시스템에 어느 정도까지 합법적 이식을 할 수 있는지 탐구하기 위한 것이다. 인터넷은 더 이상 영토 경계에 묶여 있지 않기 때문에 저작권 침해 문제는 모든 국가에 적용되므로 이 문제에 대해 다른 국가에 대한 다양한 접근법을 조사 또는 연구하면서 비교하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구의 이러한 목적을 위해, 이 논문에서는 가장 대표적인 국가인 미국, 그리고 미국과 유럽의 접근법을 일부씩 채용한 한국의 각 경험에 대한 고찰을, 주로 서비스제공자의 책임제한 및 그런 제한의 전제요건으로서 법적의무를 중심으로 진행하였다. 이 연구의 3 장에서는 각 국가의 인터넷 서비스 제공 업체와 관련된 법적 소송 및 법원에서 판결이 난 소송 사건을 조사하였다. 인터넷 서비스제공자의 책임의 대한 문제는 그들의 활동과 제공하는 서비스를 통해 직접 또는 간접적으로 저작권 보유자의 독점적 권리를 침해하는 콘텐츠를 통해 생성된다. 따라서 사용자생산콘텐츠의 직접과 간접적 법적 책임의 성격을 연구하는 것이 중요하다. 이와 관련 하여 연구의 첫 번째 장에서 작성된 이용자가 만든 콘텐츠의 법적 개념, 두 번째 장에서 직접과 간접적 책임의 대한 개념을 간단하게 살펴 봤다. 이 연구의 5 장은 현재 몽골의 법적 규제 체계를 해석하고 현재 규제 체제의 몇 가지 단점을 제시하였다. 결론적으로 이 논문은 지금 까지 몽골에서 온라인 저작권 침해에 대한 인터넷 중개자의 2차적 책임에 관한 문제를 제기하는 사례에 직면하지는 않았지만, 가까운 미래에 몽골 정부가 책임제한 법제를 채택 할 필요성이 높다고 결론 지었다. 또한, 저작권 침해에 대한 저작권부여자의 요청에 따라 저작권 침해 콘텐츠를 삭제하는 것과 관련된 투명하고 효과적인 법적 조치를 마련하는 것을 적극적으로 고려할 필요가 있다고 본다. 주요어: 이용자 생산 콘텐츠, 간접 책임, 사이버 공간 저작권 침해, 인터넷 서비스 제공 업체, 저작권 제한, 지적 재산권 학번: 2016-22111Abstract A Comparative Study on Intermediary Liabilities for Copyright Infringement: Recommendation for Mongolia Itgeltugs Altansukh College of Law The Graduate School of Seoul National University This is such an extraordinary period in the history of humankind, giving nearly all people a self-thought that I would no longer live without Internet. It is undeniable to say that Internet gives us a bundle of chances and opportunities to engage directly in the creation of works and dissemination of knowledge. At the same time, it has become a home for variety of illegal and misappropriate conducts in a way that our previous generations could not even imagine. While at first it was the main concern how to proliferate the Internet as reachable as possible to many people, nowadays the main concerns towards Internet are how we could make Internet a safer environment for all of us, and how to strike a fair balance among legal interests of copyright holders, internet users and online intermediaries. Having noted that there are many other aspects affected by the misuse of Internet, including online defamation, misuse of personal information, cybercrimes, etc., this thesis highlights the issue of copyright infringement in the digital world, and aims to study the legal regime of intermediary liabilities for copyright infringement. More narrowly, many countries have considered amending their copyright law as to include recent developments made to the copyright world with respect to online intermediaries liabilities and responsibilities for copyright infringement. In addition, there have been varying viewpoints as to the usefulness of the adoption of statutory immunity for intermediary liabilities, and many literature studies have evaluated the effectiveness of notice and takedown procedures in relation to the conducts of online copyright infringement. Yet, there is no harmonization over these issues and many countries still face hurdles in the solution on finding a fair balance between the competing rights of copyright owners, intermediaries and individuals. With respect to this global trend, this thesis aims at studying (1) whether Mongolia needs to revise its current copyright law and adopt the limitation to online intermediaries liabilities(2) how it can learn and reflect other countries experiences regarding online copyright infringement, namely from the U.S. and South Korean experiencesand (3) to what extent legal transplantation could be made to the current copyright system. What is more, as Internet is more like borderless and online copyright infringement does not leave any country outside the flow, it is crucial to study different approaches of different countries addressing same particular issue. For the purpose of this thesis, it will offer an insight to the experience of the United States as a main representative country, and of the Republic of Korea, as a country with a mixed legal environment reflecting both the United States and European approaches, by mainly focusing on the legal framework of limitation of intermediary liabilities and statutory obligations as prerequisite condition to the limitation. Chapter 3 of the thesis provides a study of each countrys legal framework and case studies in relation to the online intermediaries respectively. The issue of intermediary liability arises because either of their own activities or the users contents appeared on their platforms that prejudice the copyright holders exclusive rights. Hence, it is worth to study the user-generated content from a copyright perspective and the legal characteristics of allegation of secondary liability. For this reason, Chapter 1 of the thesis will touch upon the concept of user-generated content from a copyright perspective and the Chapter 2 of the thesis will discuss the legal concept of secondary liability in brief. Chapter 5 of the thesis studies and analyzes the current copyright system of Mongolia and reveal some shortcomings regarding the current regulation as measure against online copyright infringement. All in all, this thesis concludes that even though Mongolia has not yet faced with any challenging cases that arise a question of secondary liability of an internet intermediary for online copyright infringement, there is high prospect of the necessity of adopting a safe harbor regime in the near future. Furthermore, along with the safe harbor regime, a clear and effective legal framework for the notice and takedown of unauthorized works is highly sought for consideration. Keyword: user-generated content, secondary liability, online copyright infringement, internet intermediary, copyright limitations and exceptions, intellectual property Student Number: 2016-22111TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 GENERAL ASPECTS OF USER-GENERATED CONTENT 1.1. The Notion of User-Generated Content 1.1.1. The Definition of a User and the User-Generated Content 1.1.2. Types of User-Generated Content in the Copyright Context 1.2. Users Right 1.3. The Current State of User-Generated Content in the Legal Context 1.4. Conclusion to the Chapter 2 GENERAL ASPECTS OF INTERMEDIARY LIABILITIES 2.1. Copyright Infringement 2.1.1. Direct and Indirect Infringement 2.1.2. Indirect Infringement in the United States i) Vicarious Infringement ii) Contributory Infringement iii) Inducement Theory 2.1.3. Indirect Infringement in China 2.2. Internet Intermediary 2.3. Secondary Liability of Internet Intermediaries 3 A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON INTERMEDIARY LIABILITIES 3.1. The Legal Framework of Intermediary Liabilities in the United States 3.1.1. The Necessity to Adopt the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) 3.1.2. Regulations of the DMCA 3.1.3. Eligibility Requirements for Safe Harbor Protection 3.1.4. UGC Service Providers Safe Harbor under 512(c) 3.1.5. Notable Cases i) Viacom Intl, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. ii) Capitol Records, LLC v. Vimeo, LLC iii) Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. iv) BMG Rights Management LLC v. Cox Communications, Inc. 3.1.6. Conclusion to the U.S. Part 3.2. The Legal Framework of Intermediary Liabilities in Korea 3.2.1. Statutory Regulations regarding Intermediary Liabilities for Copyright Infringement 3.2.2. Online Service Providers Liability under the Korean Copyright Act 3.2.3. Government and Public Institutions in charge of Online Copyright Infringement 3.2.4. Notable Cases regarding the Online Service Providers Liability 3.2.5. Conclusion to the Korean Part 4 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF ONLINE COPYRIGHT PROTECTION IN MONGOLIA 4.1. Legal System of Mongolia and Copyright Protection 4.1.1. The Mongolian Legal System 4.1.2. Intellectual Property Protection in Mongolia 4.1.3. Law of Mongolia on Copyright and Related Rights 4.1.4. Current Status of Enforcement of Copyright Protection 4.2. Regulations regarding Internet Service Providers 4.2.1. Under the Law on Copyright and Related Rights 4.2.2. General Terms and Conditions of Digital Content Service Regulation 4.3. Secondary Liability Concept in Mongolia 4.3.1. Under Civil Law 4.3.2. Under Criminal Law 4.4. Conclusion to the Chapter 5 RESEARCH RESULT, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 5.1. Research Result 5.1.1. Necessity of Devising a Regime of Intermediary Liability in the Mongolian Copyright System i. The Regime of Intermediary Liability in Mongolia on an International Scale of Global Trend ii. Risk of Legal Action Against ISPs for a Third Partys Direct Copyright Infringement 5.1.2. Advantages over Disadvantages of Adopting a Conditional Immunity Regime for ISPs 5.2. Recommendations 5.2.1. Adoption of Vertical Approach 5.2.2. Abolishment of Digital Copyright Regulation 5.2.3. Adoption of a Clear and Transparent Notice and Takedown Scheme 5.2.4. Other Possible Aspects to Consider from the U.S. and South Korean Experiences 5.3. Conclusion BIBLIOGRAPHY ABSTRACT IN KOREANMaste

Practice links [Issue 63, June 2015]

Practice Links is a free e-publication for practitioners working in Irish social services, voluntary and nongovernmental sectors. Practice Links was created to enable practitioners to keep up-to-date with new publications, electronic resources and conference opportunities

Colonial Remains in Indonesian Fashion Blogipelago

This article aims to expose the colonial remains in Indonesian fashion blogipelago. It analyzes five Indonesian fashion bloggers: Anaz Siantar’s Brown Platform, Claradevi Handriatmaja’s Luce Dale, as well as Olivia Lazuardy’s, Ayla Dimitri’s and Sonia Eryka’s eponymous blogs. Since fashion blog exists in the interconnected cyberspace, this article is conducted under the scope of Transnational American Studies, approached with postcolonial theory. It then uses descriptive qualitative method in interpreting data gained from the aforementioned data, as well as the secondary ones. The finding comprises that the colonial remains are thus vividly apparent through the use of fashion blog formula by writing in English, wearing seasonal fashion, and shooting street photography abroad. This set of formulae helps Indonesian fashion bloggers to win the audience over. Therefore, the colonial remains in Indonesian fashion blogipelago are equally internalized both by the bloggers and the audience

The New Thought Police: Inside the Left’s Assault on Free Speech and Free Minds (book review)

Attacks on political correctness have grown both plentiful and rather tiresome. Such tomes occasionally score valid ideological points, but one grows weary of the bitter repetitiveness of it all. The New Thought Police might seem to offer a little novelty to the litany. Bruce is undeniably bright, impassioned, and edgy. Her book, however, is decidedly a mixed bag. The best parts center on her controversial role as a feminist spokeswoman during the O.J. Simpson murder trial. Bruce cogently emphasized that the case was a tragic paradigm of domestic violence rather than a racist conspiracy against a black cultural icon. Bruce’s anger is both the strength and the failing of The New Thought Police. Her indignation propels the book’s intensity, but goads her into mudslinging that sounds all too familiar. The writing, moreover, ranges from the witty and incisive to the annoying jejune. All in all, The New Thought Police resembles a keen from a wounded heart rather than a serious analysis of legal and cultural issues

CONTRACTUAL GOVERNANCE OF ONLINE COMMUNITIES – (PROPERTY) RIGHTS DISPUTES IN VIRTUAL WORLDS

Considering law’s difficult ride on the coattails of societal and technological progress, this thesis discusses property rights disputes in virtual worlds, the origin and foundation of (property) rights in characters, objects and items (virtual assets), and the possibility of contractual governance. Investing considerable time, effort and money to create, develop and accumulate virtual assets to gain prestige or competitive advantage, or simply to have more fun playing, users often build strong emotional connections to their characters and place a high value on accumulated operator, third user and user-generated content. But the user’s experience of virtual assets as property, contrasts starkly with most in-world property models where first property rights belong to the operator, subsequent rights are delineated by contract, and emerging property rights are transferred to the operator or waived by the user. Noting the ‘technologically inaccurate portrayal of software’ in legislation, jurisprudence and legal debate, that ignores its ‘physical properties of mass and volume’, and the influence of client/server system architecture on the allocation of personal property rights, this thesis shows that physical and intellectual rights cannot resolve the newly emerging property rights disputes in virtual worlds. Instead of making another helpless attempt to justify a new virtual property right that still cannot overcome an enforceable transfer/waiver of (future) (property) rights clause in the contract, this author questions common concepts of property and proposes a new quasi-property right. Originated in the contractual obligation of the operator to grant the user a right to use, to exclude other users from and to transfer virtual assets, the rules of conduct included in the multiple-separate user contract complete its quasi-absolute effect. This quasi-property right does not only complement the quasi-tort, quasi-criminal and quasi-constitutional system already established by the (virtual social) contract but supports the identification of the contract (terms) as new default legal rules for VWs and similar online communities