ZNAČKE SESTRINSKIH I PRIMALJSKIH ŠKOLA U SLOVENIJI OD 1925. DO POČETKA 80-ih 20. STOLJEĆA

Introduction: Many nursing and midwifery schools in many countries around the world awarded or still award graduation badges or pins to their graduates. All graduates from different parts of the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later the Republic of Yugoslavia educated in Slovenian healthcare schools received badges from these schools. Some of the graduates later employed in medical institutions across former Yugoslavia wore these badges on their uniforms. The main purpose of this historical research was to establish which Slovenian health care schools awarded the graduation badges and what they looked like. It was also investigated why the badges ceased to be awarded and what motivated Angela Boškin Faculty of Health Care in Jesenice to reintroduce awarding the badges. Methods: Due to a lack of written sources, we conducted 393 face to face and telephonic interviews with former badge recipients across Slovenia. Their existing badges were photographed. On the authors’ initiative, a private collection of badges was started. Results: It has been established that in the 20th century all Slovenian secondary health schools awarded badges. The Nursing College, Ljubljana also awarded graduation badges. Five different types of badges in many variants were issued. The first badges were awarded to graduates by Slovenian oldest Nursing School, Ljubljana in 1925. The badges ceased to be awarded in the late 1970s and the early 1980s. Some questions about probable reasons for cessation of awarding badges remain unanswered. Less than a fifth of interviewees kept their badges. Graduating nursing badges were reintroduced in Slovenia in 2017 with a new badge which is presented and depicted in this article. The motivation for the reintroduction of graduating badges is also investigated. Discussion and conclusion: Unfortunately, many Slovenian nurses and midwives are not sufficiently aware of the meaning and importance of their badges. Although badges are important for professional image and identity of nurses, badges as a symbol of nursing have become almost completely forgotten. Graduation badges are miniature works of art and are proof of the existence and development of Slovenian healthcare schools. Nursing badges present a part of nursing history as well as being our cultural heritage. The badges deserve to be written and talked about and should be displayed in a planned future Slovenian Health Care Museum.Uvod: U mnogim zemljama diljem svijeta diplomanticama sestrinskih i primaljskih škola dodjeljivane su, a i danas se dodjeljuju, diplomske značke. Slovenske zdravstvene škole su i prije i nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata pohađale učenice iz mnogih krajeva nekadašnje Kraljevine, poslije Republike Jugoslavije. Tim je polaznicama škola uz diplomu uručivala i diplomsku značku, koju bi neke diplomantice nosile na svojim odorama radeći u zdravstvenim ustanovama na području nekadašnje Kraljevine, odnosno Republike Jugoslavije. Glavna namjera ovoga povijesnog istraživanja bila je utvrditi koje su slovenske zdravstvene škole dodjeljivale diplomske značke i kako su značke izgledale. Tragali smo za razlozima zbog kojih su škole odustale od dodjeljivanja značaka i što je ponukalo Fakultet za zdravstvo Angele Boškin, Jesenice, da uvede uručivanje diplomske značke. Metode: Zbog gotovo potpunog nedostatka pisanih izvora o diplomskim značkama uspjeli smo „face to face“ ili preko telefona intervjuirati 393 većinom umirovljene medicinske sestre i primalje – dobitnice diplomske značke. Njihove smo značke fotodokumentirali. Sakupljanjem iz raznih izvora izgradili smo i privatnu zbirku značaka. Rezultati: Dokazali smo da su u 20. stoljeću sve slovenske srednje zdravstvene škole i Viša šola za medicinske sestre u Ljubljani dodjeljivale diplomske značke. Opisano je i prikazano pet različitih tipova značaka. Prva diplomska značka dodijeljena je prvoj generaciji diplomantica prvoutemeljene sestrinske škole u Sloveniji u Ljubljani 1925. U kasnim 70-im i do početka 80-ih godina prošlog stoljeća sve slovenske zdravstvene škole odustale su od dodjeljivanja značaka. Traganje za uzrocima ostalo je bezuspješno. Manje od jedne petine sudionica intervjua još uvijek čuva svoju značku. Opisana je i prikazana i diplomska značka, koju od 2017. dodjeljuje Fakultet za zdravstvo Angele Boškin. Rasprava i zaključak: Mnoge slovenske medicinske sestre i primalje nisu dovoljno svjesne značenja i važnosti svojih diplomskih značaka. Unatoč važnosti značaka za vizualni i profesionalni identitet medicinske sestre, danas su značke kao simbol sestrinstva gotovo potpuno zaboravljene. Međutim, ove su značke male umjetnine i dokaz su postojanja i razvoja slovenskih zdravstvenih škola. Dio su povijesti slovenskog sestrinstva i slovenske kulturne baštine. Značke zaslužuju da se o njima govori i piše i trebale bi biti izložene u planiranom Muzeju zdravstvene njege

English/Arabic/English Machine Translation: A Historical Perspective

This paper examines the history and development of Machine Translation (MT) applications for the Arabic language in the context of the history and machine translation in general. It starts with a discussion of the beginnings of MT in the US and then, depending on the work of MT historians, surveys the decline of the work on MT and drying up of funding; then the revival with globalization, development of information technology and the rising needs for breaking the language barriers in the world; and last on the dramatic developments that came with the advances in computer technology. The paper also examined some of the major approaches for MT within a historical perspective. The case of Arabic is treated along the same lines focusing on the work that was done on Arabic by Western research institutes and Western profit motivated companies. Special attention is given to the work of the one Arab company, Sakr of Al-Alamiyya Group, which was established in 1982 and has seriously since then worked on developing software applications for Arabic under the umbrella of natural language processing for the Arabic language. Major available software applications for Arabic/English Arabic MT as well as MT related software were surveyed within a historical framework.Cet article examine l’histoire et l’évolution des applications de la traduction automatique (TA) en langue arabe, dans le contexte de l’histoire de la TA en général. Il commence par décrire les débuts de la TA aux États-Unis et son déclin dû à l’épuisement du financement ; ensuite, son renouveau suscité par la mondialisation, le développement des technologies de l’information et les besoins croissants de lever les barrières linguistiques. Finalement, il aborde les progrès vertigineux réalisés grâce à l’informatique. L’article étudie aussi les principales approches de la TA dans une perspective historique. Le cas de l’arabe est traité dans cette perspective, compte tenu des travaux effectués par les instituts de recherche occidentaux et quelques sociétés privées occidentales. Un accent particulier est mis sur les recherches de la société arabe Sakr, fondée dès 1982, qui a mis au point plusieurs logiciels de traitement de langues naturelles pour l’arabe. Ces divers logiciels de TA arabe-anglais-arabe ainsi que des applications associées sont présentés dans un cadre historique

The Faculty Notebook, December 2006

The Faculty Notebook is published periodically by the Office of the Provost at Gettysburg College to bring to the attention of the campus community accomplishments and activities of academic interest. Faculty are encouraged to submit materials for consideration for publication to the Associate Provost for Faculty Development. Copies of this publication are available at the Office of the Provost

Issue Mapping for an Ageing Europe

Issue Mapping for an Ageing Europe is a seminal guide to mapping social and political issues with digital methods. The issue at stake concerns the imminent crisis of an ageing Europe and its impact on the contemporary welfare state. The book brings together three leading approaches to issue mapping: Bruno Latour's social cartography, Ulrich Beck's risk cartography and Jeremy Crampton's critical neo-cartography. These modes of inquiry are put into practice with digital methods for mapping the ageing agenda, including debates surrounding so-called 'old age', cultural philosophies of ageing, itinerant care workers, not to mention European anti-ageing cuisine. Issue Mapping for an Ageing Europe addresses an urgent social issue with new media research tools

Finding the news and mapping the links: a case study of hypertextuality in Dutch-language health news websites

This study considers hyperlinks as digital navigational cues that can guide users through the increasingly complex and vast online health information landscape in order to examine how hypertextuality at both search engines and health news websites mediates access to further health-related information. This is important because online news media are frequently used and convenient sources for health information. The methodology unfolds in two steps. First, an environmental scan of search engine result pages for the term ‘health news’ was conducted. Second, an automated quantitative content analysis (N = 5428) of external hyperlinks found on three types of health news websites, i.e., net-native, mixed and legacy news brands, was performed. Most importantly, this study challenges the dominant internal-external distinction by introducing a systematic distinction between genuine external hyperlinks and pseudo-external hyperlinks when comparing various types of online health news. Net-native news websites provide more hyperlinks to thematically related information than legacy news websites with print origins. The latter often include pseudo-external hyperlinks to thematically unrelated, but organizationally affiliated websites, thus favoring financial relationships over thematic coherence as an incentive to link

Biomedical term extraction: overview and a new methodology

International audienceTerminology extraction is an essential task in domain knowledge acquisition, as well as for Information Retrieval (IR). It is also a mandatory first step aimed at building/enriching terminologies and ontologies. As often proposed in the literature, existing terminology extraction methods feature linguistic and statistical aspects and solve some problems related (but not completely) to term extraction, e.g. noise, silence, low frequency, large-corpora, complexity of the multi-word term extraction process. In contrast, we propose a cutting edge methodology to extract and to rank biomedical terms, covering the all mentioned problems. This methodology offers several measures based on linguistic, statistical, graphic and web aspects. These measures extract and rank candidate terms with excellent precision: we demonstrate that they outperform previously reported precision results for automatic term extraction, and work with different languages (English, French, and Spanish). We also demonstrate how the use of graphs and the web to assess the significance of a term candidate, enables us to outperform precision results. We evaluated our methodology on the biomedical GENIA and LabTestsOnline corpora and compared it with previously reported measures