High Consequence Scenarios for North Korean Atmospheric Nuclear Tests with Policy Recommendations for the U.S. Government

The government of North Korea has declared high-altitude EMP-capability to be a “strategic goal” and has also threatened an atmospheric test of a hydrogen bomb. Atmospheric nuclear tests have the potential to cripple satellites and the undersea cable networks critical to communication, and navigation necessary for trans-Pacific trade among the U.S., China, and other nations. When a nuclear warhead is detonated at high altitude, a series of electromagnetic pulses radiate downward within the line of sight of the blast. These pulses can disable equipment with miniature electronics and long conductors. Electric grid controls and transmission systems are especially vulnerable. Intense X-rays and free electrons caused by high-altitude nuclear tests can also disable satellites over large regions of space. After the 1962 Starfish Prime test of EMP effects by the U.S, numerous satellites failed. Based on past missile tests, calculated delivery ranges, EMP coverage areas, and geography, Resilient Societies developed five scenarios for North Korean atmospheric tests. Possible sites for EMP tests include the South Pacific Ocean northeast of French Polynesia, Johnson Atoll southwest of Hawaii, and vicinity of the U.S. territory of Guam. Missile trajectories for all three of these EMP test scenarios overfly populated areas. Missile navigation or nuclear device fuzing errors could place the populations of Japan, Guam, and Hawaii are at risk. All potential EMP test locations could cause disruption to international satellite and undersea cable communications networks. North Korea should not be permitted to conduct an atmospheric nuclear tests since EMP effects on large networks necessary for electric power and international data sharing could have serious worldwide consequences due to the importance of Asia and the Pacific region to the global economy. In the regrettable event that North Korea chooses to conduct atmospheric nuclear tests, U.S. and allied monitoring of EMP effects will be helpful

Human metabolic adaptations and prolonged expensive neurodevelopment: A review

1.	After weaning, human hunter-gatherer juveniles receive substantial (≈3.5-7 MJ day^-1^), extended (≈15 years) and reliable (kin and nonkin food pooling) energy provision.
2.	The childhood (pediatric) and the adult human brain takes a very high share of both basal metabolic rate (BMR) (child: 50-70%; adult: ≈20%) and total energy expenditure (TEE) (child: 30-50%; adult: ≈10%).
3.	The pediatric brain for an extended period (≈4-9 years-of-age) consumes roughly 50% more energy than the adult one, and after this, continues during adolescence, at a high but declining rate. Within the brain, childhood cerebral gray matter has an even higher 1.9 to 2.2-fold increased energy consumption. 
4.	This metabolic expensiveness is due to (i) the high cost of synapse activation (74% of brain energy expenditure in humans), combined with (ii), a prolonged period of exuberance in synapse numbers (up to double the number present in adults). Cognitive development during this period associates with volumetric changes in gray matter (expansion and contraction due to metabolic related size alterations in glial cells and capillary vascularization), and in white matter (expansion due to myelination). 
5.	Amongst mammals, anatomically modern humans show an unique pattern in which very slow musculoskeletal body growth is followed by a marked adolescent size/stature spurt. This pattern of growth contrasts with nonhuman primates that have a sustained fast juvenile growth with only a minor period of puberty acceleration. The existence of slow childhood growth in humans has been shown to date back to 160,000 BP. 
6.	Human children physiologically have a limited capacity to protect the brain from plasma glucose fluctuations and other metabolic disruptions. These can arise in adults, during prolonged strenuous exercise when skeletal muscle depletes plasma glucose, and produces other metabolic disruptions upon the brain (hypoxia, hyperthermia, dehydration and hyperammonemia). These are proportional to muscle mass.
7.	Children show specific adaptations to minimize such metabolic disturbances. (i) Due to slow body growth and resulting small body size, they have limited skeletal muscle mass. (ii) They show other adaptations such as an exercise specific preference for free fatty acid metabolism. (iii) While children are generally more active than adolescents and adults, they avoid physically prolonged intense exertion. 
8.	Childhood has a close relationship to high levels of energy provision and metabolic adaptations that support prolonged synaptic neurodevelopment. 
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SYNERGY OF BUILDING CYBERSECURITY SYSTEMS

The development of the modern world community is closely related to advances in computing resources and cyberspace. The formation and expansion of the range of services is based on the achievements of mankind in the field of high technologies. However, the rapid growth of computing resources, the emergence of a full-scale quantum computer tightens the requirements for security systems not only for information and communication systems, but also for cyber-physical systems and technologies. The methodological foundations of building security systems for critical infrastructure facilities based on modeling the processes of behavior of antagonistic agents in security systems are discussed in the first chapter. The concept of information security in social networks, based on mathematical models of data protection, taking into account the influence of specific parameters of the social network, the effects on the network are proposed in second chapter. The nonlinear relationships of the parameters of the defense system, attacks, social networks, as well as the influence of individual characteristics of users and the nature of the relationships between them, takes into account. In the third section, practical aspects of the methodology for constructing post-quantum algorithms for asymmetric McEliece and Niederreiter cryptosystems on algebraic codes (elliptic and modified elliptic codes), their mathematical models and practical algorithms are considered. Hybrid crypto-code constructions of McEliece and Niederreiter on defective codes are proposed. They can significantly reduce the energy costs for implementation, while ensuring the required level of cryptographic strength of the system as a whole. The concept of security of corporate information and educational systems based on the construction of an adaptive information security system is proposed. ISBN 978-617-7319-31-2 (on-line)ISBN 978-617-7319-32-9 (print) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ How to Cite: Yevseiev, S., Ponomarenko, V., Laptiev, O., Milov, O., Korol, O., Milevskyi, S. et. al.; Yevseiev, S., Ponomarenko, V., Laptiev, O., Milov, O. (Eds.) (2021). Synergy of building cybersecurity systems. Kharkiv: РС ТЕСHNOLOGY СЕNTЕR, 188. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/978-617-7319-31-2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Indexing:                    Розвиток сучасної світової спільноти тісно пов’язаний з досягненнями в області обчислювальних ресурсів і кіберпростору. Формування та розширення асортименту послуг базується на досягненнях людства у галузі високих технологій. Однак стрімке зростання обчислювальних ресурсів, поява повномасштабного квантового комп’ютера посилює вимоги до систем безпеки не тільки інформаційно-комунікаційних, але і до кіберфізичних систем і технологій. У першому розділі обговорюються методологічні основи побудови систем безпеки для об'єктів критичної інфраструктури на основі моделювання процесів поведінки антагоністичних агентів у систем безпеки. У другому розділі пропонується концепція інформаційної безпеки в соціальних мережах, яка заснована на математичних моделях захисту даних, з урахуванням впливу конкретних параметрів соціальної мережі та наслідків для неї. Враховуються нелінійні взаємозв'язки параметрів системи захисту, атак, соціальних мереж, а також вплив індивідуальних характеристик користувачів і характеру взаємовідносин між ними. У третьому розділі розглядаються практичні аспекти методології побудови постквантових алгоритмів для асиметричних криптосистем Мак-Еліса та Нідеррейтера на алгебраїчних кодах (еліптичних та модифікованих еліптичних кодах), їх математичні моделі та практичні алгоритми. Запропоновано гібридні конструкції криптокоду Мак-Еліса та Нідеррейтера на дефектних кодах. Вони дозволяють істотно знизити енергетичні витрати на реалізацію, забезпечуючи при цьому необхідний рівень криптографічної стійкості системи в цілому. Запропоновано концепцію безпеки корпоративних інформаційних та освітніх систем, які засновані на побудові адаптивної системи захисту інформації. ISBN 978-617-7319-31-2 (on-line)ISBN 978-617-7319-32-9 (print) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Як цитувати: Yevseiev, S., Ponomarenko, V., Laptiev, O., Milov, O., Korol, O., Milevskyi, S. et. al.; Yevseiev, S., Ponomarenko, V., Laptiev, O., Milov, O. (Eds.) (2021). Synergy of building cybersecurity systems. Kharkiv: РС ТЕСHNOLOGY СЕNTЕR, 188. doi: http://doi.org/10.15587/978-617-7319-31-2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Індексація:                 &nbsp

Concussion: a detailed overview from impact to recovery and discussion of related sequelae

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityA concussion is the transient alteration of consciousness immediately following application, either direct or indirect, of traumatic biomechanical forces to the head. It is a widespread and likely underreported disorder affecting millions of people in the US every year. In the past, concussions have often been trivialized by coaches, trainers, parents, and athletes as “bumps to the head” rather than truly serious injuries. Now, however, mounting evidence of the severe long-term consequences of concussion is stimulating public interest in the issue. This has spurred research in recent years and our understanding of the injury construct of concussion has advanced accordingly, although several areas of uncertainty remain regarding the potential future consequences of single or multiple concussions. A greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms of concussion in humans may help ameliorate the negative conditions of those millions suffering from concussion and its sequelae. This paper details this complex disorder from impact to recovery, including underlying physiological mechanisms, and discusses its potential long- term consequences. The need for advancement in concussion prevention strategies is discussed as a primary goal for the future. Education, institution of new guidelines and legislation concerning youth sports, advances in equipment, and rule/policy changes in professional sports are discussed as potential areas for improvement. However, action in these areas will not solve the problem on its own. An overall cultural shift needs to occur in order to emphasize the severity of concussions in general. Additionally, support and early recognition of long-term sequelae of repeat concussion would be helpful in limiting the number of negative outcomes in concussion patients

Human metabolic adaptations and prolonged expensive neurodevelopment: A review

1.	After weaning, human hunter-gatherer juveniles receive substantial (≈3.5-7 MJ day^-1^), extended (≈15 years) and reliable (kin and nonkin food pooling) energy provision.
2.	The childhood (pediatric) and the adult human brain takes a very high share of both basal metabolic rate (BMR) (child: 50-70%; adult: ≈20%) and total energy expenditure (TEE) (child: 30-50%; adult: ≈10%).
3.	The pediatric brain for an extended period (≈4-9 years-of-age) consumes roughly 50% more energy than the adult one, and after this, continues during adolescence, at a high but declining rate. Within the brain, childhood cerebral gray matter has an even higher 1.9 to 2.2-fold increased energy consumption. 
4.	This metabolic expensiveness is due to (i) the high cost of synapse activation (74% of brain energy expenditure in humans), combined with (ii), a prolonged period of exuberance in synapse numbers (up to double the number present in adults). Cognitive development during this period associates with volumetric changes in gray matter (expansion and contraction due to metabolic related size alterations in glial cells and capillary vascularization), and in white matter (expansion due to myelination). 
5.	Amongst mammals, anatomically modern humans show an unique pattern in which very slow musculoskeletal body growth is followed by a marked adolescent size/stature spurt. This pattern of growth contrasts with nonhuman primates that have a sustained fast juvenile growth with only a minor period of puberty acceleration. The existence of slow childhood growth in humans has been shown to date back to 160,000 BP. 
6.	Human children physiologically have a limited capacity to protect the brain from plasma glucose fluctuations and other metabolic disruptions. These can arise in adults, during prolonged strenuous exercise when skeletal muscle depletes plasma glucose, and produces other metabolic disruptions upon the brain (hypoxia, hyperthermia, dehydration and hyperammonemia). These are proportional to muscle mass.
7.	Children show specific adaptations to minimize such metabolic disturbances. (i) Due to slow body growth and resulting small body size, they have limited skeletal muscle mass. (ii) They show other adaptations such as an exercise specific preference for free fatty acid metabolism. (iii) While children are generally more active than adolescents and adults, they avoid physically prolonged intense exertion. 
8.	Childhood has a close relationship to high levels of energy provision and metabolic adaptations that support prolonged synaptic neurodevelopment. 
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Business plan for FC Media Experience

Social media marketing has grown in importance year upon year due to the growth of platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Snapchat.As such there‟s been a massive increase with regards to the number of social media agencies that are opening its doors to service clients. Teenagers are practically equipped with all the resources they need to approach businesses that lack a social media presence and offer them their social media services. However although there may be an influx of social media agencies in the current age, most of them don‟t know what they‟re really doing. In order to stand out from these agencies it is of outmost importance that I approach this industry with an appropriate strategy. The purpose of this business plan is to create a social media agency named FC Media Experience targeting tourist agencies in Namibia wishing to create a profound brand experience through innovative content creation for their audiences by over providing on value and thus building themselves for long term sustainability in the market place they are operating within. This business plan starts by presenting the literature on specific issues leading to organisations underperforming. It then presents an environmental and internal analysis with subsequent strategies my organisation intends to implement in order to achieve a differentiation strategy within the industry.O marketing nas redes sociais tem crescido em importância ano após ano devido ao crescimento de plataformas como Facebook, Instagram, Twitter e Snapchat. Como tal houve um grande aumento em relação ao número de agências pra redes sociais que estão abrindo suas portas para oferecer os seu serviços a clientes. . Os adolescentes estão praticamente equipados com todos os recursos de que precisam para abordar empresas que não tênhem presenças online e oferecer a eles seus serviços nas redes sociais. No entanto, embora possa haver um influxo de agências de redes sociais na atualidade, a maioria delas não sabem o que estao realmente fazendo. Para nos destacarmos dessas agências, é de grande importância que abordarmos essa indústria com uma estratégia apropriada. O objetivo deste plano de negócios é criar uma agência de marketing nas redes sociais chamada FC Media Experience para agências de turismo na Namibia que desejam criar uma profunda experiência de marca através da criação de conteúdo inovador para seus públicos, fornecendo valor e construindo a sustentabilidade a longo prazo no mercado em que estão operando. Este plano de negócios começa apresentando a literatura sobre questões específicas que levam a organizações com um desempenho insatisfatório. Em seguida, apresenta uma análise ambiental e interna com estratégias subsequentes que a minha organização pretende implementar para alcançar uma estratégia de diferenciação dentro do setor

Risk Management for the Future

A large part of academic literature, business literature as well as practices in real life are resting on the assumption that uncertainty and risk does not exist. We all know that this is not true, yet, a whole variety of methods, tools and practices are not attuned to the fact that the future is uncertain and that risks are all around us. However, despite risk management entering the agenda some decades ago, it has introduced risks on its own as illustrated by the financial crisis. Here is a book that goes beyond risk management as it is today and tries to discuss what needs to be improved further. The book also offers some cases