1,099 research outputs found
Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity screening with a new iPad application
We present a new iPad application (app) for a fast assessment of Visual Acuity (VA) and Contrast
Sensitivity (CS) whose reliability and agreement was evaluated versus a commercial screening device
(Optec 6500). The measurement of VA was programmed in the app in accordance with the Amblyopia
Treatment Study protocol. The CS was measured with sinusoidal gratings of four different spatial
frequencies: 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd at the same contrast values of the Functional Acuity Contrast Test
(FACT) included in the Optec 6500. Forty-five healthy subjects with monocular corrected visual acuities
better than 0.2 logMAR participated in the agreement study. Bland-Altman analyses were performed to
assess the agreement and Deming regressions to calculate Mean Differences (MDs) and Limits of
Agreement (LoAs). Coefficients of reliability were 0.15 logMAR for our method and 0.17 logMAR for
the ETDRS testing protocol. For testing the CS, our test showed no statistically significant differences
compared with the FACT at any spatial frequency (p > 0.05). The MDs were lower than 0.05 log units
for all spatial frequencies.This work was funded by 'Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad' - 'Spain' (Grants FIS2011-23175 and DPI2015-71256-R) and 'Generalitat Valenciana' - 'Spain' (Grants PROMETEOII/2014/072 and ACOMP/2014/180).Rodríguez-Vallejo, M.; Llorens Quintana, C.; Furlan, WD.; Monsoriu Serra, JA. (2016). Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity screening with a new iPad application. Displays. 44:15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2016.06.001S15204
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Refinement and preliminary evaluation of two tablet-based tests of real-world visual function
PURPOSE: To describe, refine, evaluate, and provide normative control data for two freely available tablet-based tests of real-world visual function, using a cohort of young, normally-sighted adults.
METHODS: Fifty young (18-40 years), normally-sighted adults completed tablet-based assessments of (1) face discrimination and (2) visual search. Each test was performed twice, to assess test-retest repeatability. Post-hoc analyses were performed to determine the number of trials required to obtain stable estimates of performance. Distributions were fitted to the normative data to determine the 99% population-boundary for normally sighted observers. Participants were also asked to rate their comprehension of each test.
RESULTS: Both tests provided stable estimates in around 20 trials (~1-4 min), with only a further reduction of 14%-17% in the 95% Coefficient of Repeatability (CoR95 ) when an additional 40 trials were included. When using only ~20 trials: median durations for the first run of each test were 191 s (Faces) and 51 s (Search); test-retest CoR95 were 0.27 d (Faces) and 0.84 s (Search); and normative 99% population-limits were 3.50 d (Faces) and 3.1 s (Search). No participants exhibited any difficulties completing either test (100% completion rate), and ratings of task-understanding were high (Faces: 9.6 out of 10; Search: 9.7 out of 10).
CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary assessment indicated that both tablet-based tests are able to provide simple, quick, and easy-to-administer measures of real-world visual function in normally-sighted young adults. Further work is required to assess their accuracy and utility in older people and individuals with visual impairment. Potential applications are discussed, including their use in clinic waiting rooms, and as an objective complement to Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs)
The Effect of Fractal Contact Lenses on Peripheral Refraction in Myopic Model Eyes
Purpose: To test multizone contact lenses in model eyes: Fractal Contact Lenses (FCLs), designed to induce
myopic peripheral refractive error (PRE).
Methods: Zemax ray-tracing software was employed to simulate myopic and accommodation-dependent model
eyes fitted with FCLs. PRE, defined in terms of mean sphere M and 90–180 astigmatism J180, was computed at
different peripheral positions, ranging from 0 to 35 in steps of 5, and for different pupil diameters (PDs).
Simulated visual performance and changes in the PRE were also analyzed for contact lens decentration and
model eye accommodation. For comparison purposes, the same simulations were performed with another
commercially available contact lens designed for the same intended use: the Dual Focus (DF).
Results: PRE was greater with FCL than with DF when both designs were tested for a 3.5 mm PD, and with and
without decentration of the lenses. However, PRE depended on PD with both multizone lenses, with a
remarkable reduction of the myopic relative effect for a PD of 5.5 mm. The myopic PRE with contact lenses
decreased as the myopic refractive error increased, but this could be compensated by increasing the power
of treatment zones. A peripheral myopic shift was also induced by the FCLs in the accommodated model eye.
In regard to visual performance, a myopia under-correction with reference to the circle of least confusion
was obtained in all cases for a 5.5 mm PD. The ghost images, generated by treatment zones of FCL, were
dimmer than the ones produced with DF lens of the same power.
Conclusions: FCLs produce a peripheral myopic defocus without compromising central vision in photopic
conditions. FCLs have several design parameters that can be varied to obtain optimum results: lens diameter,
number of zones, addition and asphericity; resulting in a very promising customized lens for the treatment
of myopia progression.This research was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grant FIS2011-23175), the Generalitat Valenciana (grant PROMETEO2009-077) and the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (grant INNOVA SP20120569), Spain.Rodríguez Vallejo, M.; Benlloch Fornés, JI.; Pons Martí, A.; Monsoriu Serra, JA.; Furlan, WD. (2014). The Effect of Fractal Contact Lenses on Peripheral Refraction in Myopic Model Eyes. Current Eye Research. 39(12):1-10. https://doi.org/10.3109/02713683.2014.903498S110391
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Portable Perimetry Using Eye-Tracking on a Tablet Computer—A Feasibility Assessment
Purpose: Visual field (VF) examination by standard automated perimetry (SAP) is an important method of clinical assessment. However, the complexity of the test, and its use of bulky, expensive equipment makes it impractical for case-finding. We propose and evaluate a new approach to paracentral VF assessment that combines an inexpensive eye-tracker with a portable tablet computer (“Eyecatcher”).
Methods: Twenty-four eyes from 12 glaucoma patients, and 12 eyes from six age-similar controls were examined. Participants were tested monocularly (once per eye), with both the novel Eyecatcher test and traditional SAP (HFA SITA standard 24-2). For Eyecatcher, the participant's task was to simply to look at a sequence of fixed-luminance dots, presented relative to the current point of fixation. Start and end fixations were used to determine locations where stimuli were seen/unseen, and to build a continuous map of sensitivity loss across a VF of approximately 20°.
Results: Eyecatcher was able to clearly separate patients from controls, and the results were consistent with those from traditional SAP. In particular, mean Eyecatcher scores were strongly correlated with mean deviation scores (r2 = 0.64, P < 0.001), and there was good concordance between corresponding VF locations (∼84%). Participants reported that Eyecatcher was more enjoyable, easier to perform, and less tiring than SAP (all P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Portable perimetry using an inexpensive eye-tracker and a tablet computer is feasible, although possible means of improvement are suggested.
Translational Relevance: Such a test could have significant utility as a case finding device
Validation of Digital Applications for Evaluation of Visual Parameters: A Narrative Review
The current review aimed to collect and critically analyze the scientific peer-reviewed literature that is available about the use of digital applications for evaluation of visual parameters in electronic devices (tablets and smartphones), confirming if there are studies calibrating and validating each of these applications. Three bibliographic search engines (using the search equation described in the paper) and the Mendeley reference manager search engine were used to complete the analysis. Only articles written in English and that are evaluating the use of tests in healthy patients to measure or characterize any visual function aspects using tablets or smartphones were included. Articles using electronic visual tests to assess the results of surgical procedures or are conducted in pathological conditions were excluded. A total of 19 articles meeting these inclusion and exclusion criteria were finally analyzed. One critical point of all these studies is that there was no mention of the characterization (spatial and/or colorimetrical) of screens and the stimuli used in most of them. Only two studies described some level of calibration of the digital device before the beginning of the study. Most revised articles described non-controlled comparatives studies (73.7%), reporting some level of scientific evidence on the validation of tools, although more consistent studies are needed.The author David P. Piñero has been supported by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain within the program Ramón y Cajal, RYC-2016-20471
Stereopsis assessment at multiple distances with an iPad application
[EN] We present a new application for iPad for screening stereopsis at multiple distances that allows testing up to ten levels of stereoacuity at each distance. Our approach is based on a random dot stereogram viewable with anaglyph spectacles. Sixty-five subjects with no ocular diseases, wearing their habitual correction were measured at 3 m and 0.5 m. Results were compared with a standard stereoscopic test (TNO). We found not statistically significant differences between both tests, but our method achieved higher reproducibility. Applications in visual screening programs and to design and use of 3D displays, are suggested. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and FEDER (Grant DPI2015-71256-R) and by the Generalitat Valenciana (Grant PROMETEOII-2014-072), Spain. D. Montagud acknowledges financial support from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (PAID-01-16)Rodríguez-Vallejo, M.; Ferrando, V.; Montagud-Martínez, D.; Monsoriu Serra, JA.; Furlan, WD. (2017). Stereopsis assessment at multiple distances with an iPad application. Displays. 50:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2017.09.001S35405
Mobile app Aston contrast sensitivity test
BACKGROUND: Contrast detection is an important aspect of the assessment of visual function; however, clinical tests evaluate limited spatial frequencies and contrasts. This study validates the accuracy and inter-test repeatability of a swept-frequency near and distance mobile app Aston contrast sensitivity test, which overcomes this limitation compared to traditional charts. METHOD: Twenty subjects wearing their full refractive correction underwent contrast sensitivity testing on the new near application (near app), distance app, CSV-1000 and Pelli-Robson charts with full correction and with vision degraded by 0.8 and 0.2 Bangerter degradation foils. In addition repeated measures using the 0.8 occluding foil were taken. RESULTS: The mobile apps (near more than distance, p = 0.005) recorded a higher contrast sensitivity than printed tests (p 0.05). Although the coefficient of repeatability was lowest for the Pelli-Robson charts (0.14 log units), the mobile app charts measured more spatial frequencies, took less time and were more repeatable (near: 0.26 to 0.37 log units; distance: 0.34 to 0.39 log units) than the CSV-1000 (0.30 to 0.93 log units). The duration to complete the CSV-1000 was 124 ± 37 seconds, Pelli-Robson 78 ± 27 seconds, near app 53 ± 15 seconds and distance app 107 ± 36 seconds. CONCLUSIONS: While there were differences between charts in contrast levels measured, the new Aston near and distance apps are valid, repeatable and time-efficient method of assessing contrast sensitivity at multiple spatial frequencies
Refinement and preliminary evaluation of two tablet-based tests of real-world visual function
PURPOSE
To describe, refine, evaluate, and provide normative control data for two freely available tablet‐based tests of real‐world visual function, using a cohort of young, normally‐sighted adults.
METHODS
Fifty young (18–40 years), normally‐sighted adults completed tablet‐based assessments of (1) face discrimination and (2) visual search. Each test was performed twice, to assess test‐retest repeatability. Post‐hoc analyses were performed to determine the number of trials required to obtain stable estimates of performance. Distributions were fitted to the normative data to determine the 99% population‐boundary for normally sighted observers. Participants were also asked to rate their comprehension of each test.
RESULTS
Both tests provided stable estimates in around 20 trials (~1–4 min), with only a further reduction of 14%–17% in the 95% Coefficient of Repeatability (CoR95) when an additional 40 trials were included. When using only ~20 trials: median durations for the first run of each test were 191 s (Faces) and 51 s (Search); test‐retest CoR95 were 0.27 d (Faces) and 0.84 s (Search); and normative 99% population‐limits were 3.50 d (Faces) and 3.1 s (Search). No participants exhibited any difficulties completing either test (100% completion rate), and ratings of task‐understanding were high (Faces: 9.6 out of 10; Search: 9.7 out of 10).
CONCLUSIONS
This preliminary assessment indicated that both tablet‐based tests are able to provide simple, quick, and easy‐to‐administer measures of real‐world visual function in normally‐sighted young adults. Further work is required to assess their accuracy and utility in older people and individuals with visual impairment. Potential applications are discussed, including their use in clinic waiting rooms, and as an objective complement to Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs)
Predicting individual contrast sensitivity functions from acuity and letter contrast sensitivity measurements.
Contrast sensitivity (CS) is widely used as a measure of visual function in both basic research and clinical evaluation. There is conflicting evidence on the extent to which measuring the full contrast sensitivity function (CSF) offers more functionally relevant information than a single measurement from an optotype CS test, such as the Pelli-Robson chart. Here we examine the relationship between functional CSF parameters and other measures of visual function, and establish a framework for predicting individual CSFs with effectively a zero-parameter model that shifts a standard-shaped template CSF horizontally and vertically according to independent measurements of high contrast acuity and letter CS, respectively. This method was evaluated for three different CSF tests: a chart test (CSV-1000), a computerized sine-wave test (M&S Sine Test), and a recently developed adaptive test (quick CSF). Subjects were 43 individuals with healthy vision or impairment too mild to be considered low vision (acuity range of -0.3 to 0.34 logMAR). While each test demands a slightly different normative template, results show that individual subject CSFs can be predicted with roughly the same precision as test-retest repeatability, confirming that individuals predominantly differ in terms of peak CS and peak spatial frequency. In fact, these parameters were sufficiently related to empirical measurements of acuity and letter CS to permit accurate estimation of the entire CSF of any individual with a deterministic model (zero free parameters). These results demonstrate that in many cases, measuring the full CSF may provide little additional information beyond letter acuity and contrast sensitivity
Too many shades of grey : photometrically and spectrally mismatched targets and backgrounds in printed acuity tests for infants and young children
Purpose: Acuity tests for infants and young children use preferential looking methods that require a perceptual match of brightness and color between grey background and target spatial average. As a first step in exploring this matching, this article measures photometric and colorimetric matches in these acuity tests. Methods: The luminance, uniformity, contrast, and color spectra of Teller Acuity Cards, Keeler Acuity Cards for Infants, and Lea Paddles under ambient, warm, and cold lighting, and of grey-emulating patterns on four digital displays, were measured. Five normal adults’ acuities were tested at 10 m observationally. Results: Luminance and spectral mismatches between target and background were found for the printed tests (Weber contrasts of 0.3% [Teller Acuity Cards], −1.7% [Keeler Acuity Cards for Infants], and −26% [Lea Paddles]). Lighting condition had little effect on contrast, and all printed tests and digital displays met established adult test luminance and uniformity standards. Digital display grey backgrounds had very similar luminance and color whether generated by a checkerboard, vertical grating, or horizontal grating. Improbably good psychophysical acuities (better than −0.300 logMAR: (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution)) were recorded from adults using the printed tests at 10 m, but not using the digital test Peekaboo Vision. Conclusions: Perceptible contrast between target and background could lead to an incorrectly measured, excessively good acuity. It is not clear whether the luminance and spectral contrasts described here have clinically meaningful consequences for the target patient group, but they may be avoidable using digital tests. Translational Relevance: Current clinical infant acuity tests present photometric mismatches that may return inaccurate testing results
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