3,683 research outputs found

    Une recherche en cours : le monde rural mauricien au 19e siecle

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    Cette recherche sur le processus de transformation du monde rural mauricien au 19e siècle comporte quatre dimensions principales : il s'agit d'abord d'étudier la constitution et l'évolution de l'économie forestière de type préindustriel qui s'impose en Mauricie comme élément moteur de l'économie régionale ; d'analyser l'évolution interne des deux types d'agriculture, l'une en voie d'intégration au marché dans le couloir laurentien, l'autre maintenue au niveau de l'auto-consommation sur le front pionnier; de cerner, dans la trame des rapports sociaux, les « patterns » spécifiques des alliances et des conflits entre les forces sociales qui constituent des blocs de pouvoir dans la société rurale et imposent des schémas d'encadrement et de contrôle sociaux ; d'étudier les transformations culturelles d'une société bouleversée dans son devenir par les facteurs économiques, l'extension du peuplement, la constitution de nouvelles communautés auxquelles l'État et l'Église fournissent des institutions régulatrices.This research concerning the process of change in the rural world of the Mauricie during the 19th century includes four major areas: in the first place, a study of the pre-industrial forest economy, in its incipient and developmental stages, forestry being the driving force of the regional economy; secondly, an analysis of the internal evolution of two types of agriculture: one in the process of being incorporated into the market economy, within the bounds of the St. Lawrence lowland, the other remaining a basically subsistence-type agriculture along the pioneer fringe; thirdly, the identification, within the societal fabric, of the specific patterns of alliances and conflicts between those social forces which make up the power blocks in rural society, and which determine the framework of that society's institutional guidelines and controls; finally, the study of cultural changes in a society whose future is being altered by economic forces, by the spread of settlement, and by the establishment of new villagecommunities, whose regulatory institutions have been predetermined and imposed upon them by both State and Church

    L'exploitation Artisanale De L'or En CĂ´te D'ivoire: La Persistance D'une Activite Illegale

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    The present article is the result of investigations to try to understand the persistence of illegal artisanal gold mining in Côte d'Ivoire where the phenomenon, although illegal, continues to grow for about twenty years. Relying on the case of the Yaouré area, the study was conducted mainly from the consultation of secondary data and groups and key informant interviews. Survey data indicate that the illegal artisanal gold mining activity is a very lucrative business in which many players involved at various levels and with specific roles, are catered for at financially. The presence of people from the modern environment supposed to fight against clandestine gold mining continues certainly an explanatory factor for the persistence of this illegal activity itself. Other causes for the development of illegal gold mining are the poor sales of traditional agricultural products (cocoa and coffee) and ignorance of the negative impacts of this activity on the biophysical and human environment by most of those involved in the sector. It is clear from this study that ultimately illegal artisanal gold mining in the Yaouré, and certainly also in Ivory Coast, is a total social fact; Also, the fight against this phenomenon, to give the expected results, must not be limited to sporadic acts of repression against well diggers and other ore washers, weak link in the chain of illegal production of gold

    Les stratégies énergétiques européennes. Enjeux géopolitiques et marché intérieur

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    Compte rendu de l'atelier OMER (Observatoire mondial des enjeux et des risques) animé par François Bafoil le 11 juin 2015 au CERI

    Hope Estate (Saint Martin, FWI) : Structure Genérale des Dépots Archéologiques : Méthodes, Résultats et Perspectives

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    International audienceThe article describes the last stages of the study of the Hope Estate Amerindian agricultural potter's village space organization. After the village's discovery in 1987, the first reconnaissance pits enabled the site structure's outline to be determined : a plateau covered with thin layers of deposits, poor in artifacts and bordered by slopes, in which thick and rich middens can be found. The excavation campaigns that followed confirm this idea and have enabled the characterization of certain midden areas. In 1997, a map was established based on the thickness of the archaeological deposits. This was made possible with micro-core sampling investigations, using piled core samples, that were spread out following a 10-m frame; these deposits form a belt around the plateau comprising sectors of larger amounts of crabs, shell and artifacts. Also, a resistivity map (geophysical method) was made on a chosen sector, showing several areas of strong resistivity, some of which can be interpreted as block concentrations. These two maps have been used to choose the best location of the archaeological pits of the 1997 excavation campaign; thus, the new middens or block-shaped anthropic concentrations have been recognized. During the operation planned for 1998 and 1999, other new middens will be excavated and pits will be carried out on linear resistivity anomalies. A general uncovering of the plateau should enable the location of probable post holes, some of which have already been spotted during investigations in 1993 and 1994.L'article décrit les dernières étapes de l'étude de l'organisation spatiale du village d'agriculteurs potiers amérindien de Hope Estate. Après sa découverte en 1987, les premiers sondages de reconnaissance ont permis d'établir les grands traits de la structure du site : un plateau recouvert de dépôts pelliculaires pauvres en artefacts est bordé de pentes où se localisent d'épaisses et riches lentilles de déchets. Les campagnes de fouille qui ont suivi confirment ce schéma et ont permis de caractériser certaines zones de déchets. En 1997 a été réalisée une carte de l'épaisseur des dépôts archéologiques à partir d'une investigation par micro-carottages au tube battu, répartis selon une maille de 10 m : ces dépôts forment une ceinture autour du plateau comportant des secteurs plus riches en crabe, coquillages et artefacts. D'autre part une carte de résistivité (méthode géophysique) réalisée sur un secteur choisi montre plusieurs zones de forte résistivité dont certaines peuvent être interprétées comme des concentrations en blocs. Ces deux cartes ont été utilisées pour choisir au mieux l'implantation des sondages archéologiques de la campagne de fouilles de 1997 : ainsi de nouvelles zones de déchets ou de concentrations anthropiques de blocs ont été reconnues. Au cours des opérations prévues en 1998 et 1999, d'autres zones de déchets inédites seront fouillées et des sondages seront réalisés sur des anomalies de résistivité linéaires. Un décapage général du plateau devrait permettre de localiser d'éventuels trous de poteau dont certains ont déjà été repérés lors des investigations de 1993 et 1994

    Les relations extérieures de l’halieutique japonaise

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    Japan's distant seafishing industry provides opportunities for supergains, y et it still remains dependent on the internal market. Its activities which are directed by the State, and implemented by the large industrial and commercial enterprises, are part of the whole evolution of the traditional corporations of the Kumiai. A study of the political, technical, and economical conjuncture and balance of power at the international level show three important periods. 1904-1941 : The imperialistic policy of the military-industrial complex supports the operations of the large enterprises. Between 1933 and 1940, Japan has several hundreds of fishing plants along the coasts of the Russian Far East; factory vessels are used for the canning of salmon and crabs in the Sea of Okhostk and the Behring Sea, and for whaling in the Antarctic and North Pacific ; industrial trawling is carried on along the coasts of the Asian continent while numerous enterprises are set up in Indo-Malaysia for coastal tuna fishing. 1948-1973 : Within the framework of the reconstruction of its economy, Japan at first resumes the same campaigns as those of the pre-War period; to these are added drifting long line fishing of tuna in the intertropical grounds and a powerful industrial trawling in North Pacific. By 1960, these activities are curtailed due to regulations imposed by USSR, USA, and the International Whaling Commission for stock protection. And then there are new competitors (Taiwan, South Korea). A general fail off after 1965 is partly compensated by the industrial trawling in the Behring Sea. 1974-1986: Significant geopolitical and economic changes force Japan to define and to redeploy its foreign fisheries. Pressured by waterside States, Japan gradually withdraws from traditional fishing grounds and endeavours to find new resources in waters which have remained international so as to maintain a balance with its internal market (tuna drifting long lines and seiners, squid fishery). New technology and profits from the internal market allow the industrial armaments to keep their competitive edge. The State strongly supports this sector through its diplomacy and the provision of funds for research and redeployment and by planning the integration of the distant fishing industry within the economical and social development of the traditional fishing cells of the Archipelago

    L’oekoumène agricole au Lac-Saint-Jean

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    Two maps of the agricultural ecumene of the Lake Saint-Jean region are presented, the first showing the extent of cleared land as determined from air photos and the second indicating the present legal status of all surveyed parcels of land. The present land use is discussed in relation with the physical environment and the history of colonisation. In some areas the limits of the agricultural ecumene correspond to the contact between the alluvium-blanketed lowland and the surround-ing Precambrian upland ; in other areas the system of land allocation bas determined the limits of the ecumene, for the advance of colonisation was often brought to a halt by the establishment of for est reserves on Crown lands. The pioneer fringe municipalities of Saint-Ludger-de-Milot and Lac-Bouchette are located in such regions of arrested settlement.The writer concludes that throughout the Lake Saint-Jean area the lands presently under cultivation are bordered by territories unsuitable for farm settlement — consequently, it appears that the agricultural ecumene of the region bas attained its furthest extension

    Les modèles révolutionnaires

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    Le thon : enjeux et stratégies pour l'océan Indien

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    A l'origine, la dynamique des populations exploitées ne s'intéressait qu'aux interactions entre le stock et la pression de pêche auquel il est soumis. Au cours des dernières années, cette vision déterministe - et pas toujours satisfaisante - a évolué vers des approches plus complexes visant à intégrer l'impact de la variabilité de l'environnement sur l'abondance, la capturabilité ou la mortalité des individus. Une description cohérente prenant en compte les processus physiques (synergiques) et leurs effets sur les ressources thonières n'est pas encore établie. Il est cependant possible de progresser sur des sujets connexes à cette modélisation future, à savoir la recherche des paramètres expliquant la majeure partie de la variabilité des rendements et la compréhension des mécanismes hydroclimatiques contraignant l'habitat des thons. Les recherches entreprises sur ce thème au cours du deuxième Projet thonier régional océan Indien (PTR 2) permettent d'analyser les effets de l'environnement océanique : sur la répartition spatiale de la ressource, d'une part à l'échelle de la pêcherie, d'autre part à une échelle plus fine en présence d'un guyot sous-marin ; sur la distribution verticale des individus grâce à des techniques de marquage ultrasonique ; sur la capturabilité aux engins au travers d'indices calculés à partir des statistiques de pêche. Le propos de la variabilité de l'environnement sera élargi à l'ensemble de l'océan Indien et aux connexions climatiques inter-océans afin de tenir compte des effets "à distance" associés aux anomalies El Nino observées dans le Pacifique. Un index renseignant sur le bilan hydroclimatique de l'océan Indien est défini et son utilisation potentielle dans l'identification d'années anormales en terme de pêche thonière hauturière est tentée. (Résumé d'auteur
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