Mapping Big Data into Knowledge Space with Cognitive Cyber-Infrastructure

Big data research has attracted great attention in science, technology, industry and society. It is developing with the evolving scientific paradigm, the fourth industrial revolution, and the transformational innovation of technologies. However, its nature and fundamental challenge have not been recognized, and its own methodology has not been formed. This paper explores and answers the following questions: What is big data? What are the basic methods for representing, managing and analyzing big data? What is the relationship between big data and knowledge? Can we find a mapping from big data into knowledge space? What kind of infrastructure is required to support not only big data management and analysis but also knowledge discovery, sharing and management? What is the relationship between big data and science paradigm? What is the nature and fundamental challenge of big data computing? A multi-dimensional perspective is presented toward a methodology of big data computing.Comment: 59 page

Special Session on Industry 4.0

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Experimental Design: Design Experimentation

This paper was selected for publication in MIT’s Design Issues. The research takes an original approach by positioning experimentation as a comprehensive design methodology, rather than using the traditional industrial design approach of employing experimentation as a problem-solving tool within a standard design model. It is an evolution of design thinking on non-linear design methods first developed by Hall and presented to the ‘International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference’, Seoul, South Korea (2009), and in a paper entitled ‘Innovation design engineering: Non-linear progressive education for diverse intakes’ presented at the ‘International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education’, University of Brighton, UK, which offered a non-linear pedagogy (Hall and Childs 2009) that uniquely supports a diverse interdisciplinary intake. Experimental design is well known in the science domain but very little evidence has been recorded of experimentation in industrial design and its position in relation to work in other science and research domains. Connections are made with theories on research methods, an analysis of case studies and comparisons of literature on experimentation from science disciplines, especially that of Kuhn (1962), Galison (1987), Pasteur’s quadrant for scientific research in Stokes (1997) and Borgdorff (2007). Hall makes significant claims in exploring and articulating a model of design experimentation that highlights the differences between scientific and design experimentation. This work was original in describing an experimental design model for the increasing activity in early phases of design development by recording and enhancing knowledge in this important area for future design research and practice. The methods researched in the paper were later used in experimental design workshops in Daegu, South Korea (2011) and Busan, South Korea (2012)

Giacomo Becattini and the Marshall's method. A Schumpeterian approach

The studies of Giacomo Becattini concerning the notion of the "Marshallian industrial district" have led a revolution in the field of economic development around the world. The paper offers an interpretation of the methodology adopted by Becattini. The roots are clearly Marshallian. Becattini proposes a return to the economy as a complex social science that operates in historical time. We adopt a Schumpeterian approach to the method in economic analysis in order to highlight the similarities between the Marshall and Becattini’s approach. Finally the paper uses the distinction between logical time, real time and historical time which enable us to study the “localized” economic process in a Becattinian way.industrial district, Marshallian industrial district, methodology of economics, Schumpeter's economic analysis, historical time, economic process

Налоговое или монетарное стимулирование? Эволюционные аргументы в пользу налоговых реформ

Статья посвящена исследованию проблемы обоснования мер регулирования развития эмерджентной экономики - фискальных и (или) монетарных, с использованием методов эволюционного моделирования. Для этого была построена экономико-математическая модель, имитирующая процессы коэволюции развитой и развивающейся стран, связанных через глобальные цепочки создания стоимости. В этой модели каждая из стран характеризуется собственной исходной структурой экономических субъектов, определяемой соотношением предприятий-эгоистов (предрасположенных к консервативному поведению) и предприятий-альтруистов (предрасположенных к инновационному поведению), а также специфическим населением и демографическими процессами. Результаты вычислительных экспериментов показали, что успех того или иного способа экономического регулирования принципиально зависит от особенностей исходного состояния институциональной среды хозяйствования. В институциональной среде с «прозрачными» длинными правилами игры и, соответственно, длинным горизонтом хозяйственного планирования наилучший результат в виде высоких темпов роста производства в эмерджентной экономике дает политика дешевых денег в сочетании с высокими «европейскими» налогами. Иная ситуация наблюдается в более реалистичной ситуации с короткими правилами игры и, соответственно, коротким (не более 5 лет) горизонтом хозяйственного планирования. В этом случае любая налоговая политика (низкие или высокие налоги) в сочетании любыми деньгами (дешевыми или дорогими), в определенном смысле теряет значение, поскольку изначально отсталая инновационная система не позволяет быстро получать высокие результаты, а преимущества экономического роста в отделенном будущем не принимаются во внимание. Вместе с тем, для постепенного формирования лучшей инновационной системы низкие налоги и дешевые деньги имеют важное значение, поскольку создают лучшие условия для выживания предприятийальтруистов, облегчая им инвестиционную деятельность, способную принести многократный прирост технической производительности и экономической эффективности. В любом случае, в контексте эволюционной экономической теории, исходя из проведенных вычислительных экспериментов, налоговая политика в условиях эмерджентных рынков сохраняет свой регуляторный потенциал, и, таким образом, требует дальнейшего реформирования в контексте «новой реальности», основанной на глобальных цепочках создания стоимости.The article deals with the problem of substantiation of the emergent economies development regulatory measures (fiscal and / or monetary), using the evolutionary modelling methods. For this purpose, the mathematical model was constructed that simulates the co-evolution process of the advanced and developing countries, linked by global value chains. In this model, each country is characterized by its original structure of economic entities, defined by the ratio of the egoistic enterprises (predisposed to conservative behaviour) to the altruistic enterprises (predisposed to innovation), as well as by specific population and demographic processes. The results of the computational experiments have shown that the success of economic regulation fundamentally depends on the peculiarities of the initial state of the institutional environment. In the institutional environment with the «transparent» long behaviour and, accordingly, a long economic planning horizon, the best result in the form of average annual production growth rate of the emergent economies is provided by the cheap money policy combined with the high European taxes. A different situation is observed in more realistic short behaviour and, accordingly, short (under 5 years) economic planning horizon. In this case, any tax policy (neither low nor high taxes) together with any money (neither cheap nor expensive), to a certain extent loses its significance, as the initially backward innovative system does not allow to quickly get good results, and the long-term benefits of the potential economic growth are not taken into consideration. However, low taxes and cheap money are important as they create better conditions for survival of the altruistic enterprises, facilitating their investment activities, which can multiply increase their technical performance and economic efficiency. Still, in the context of the evolutionary economics and following the conducted computational experiments, the fiscal policy in terms of emerging markets retains its regulatory capacity, and therefore requires further reforms in the context of the «new reality» based on the global value chains

From SO2 to Greenhouse Gases: Trends and Events Shaping Future Emissions Trading Programs in the United States

Cap-and-trade programs have become widely accepted for the control of conventional air pollution in the United States. However, there is still no political consensus to use these programs to address greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, in the wake of the success of the U.S. SO2 and NOx trading programs, private companies, state governments, and the European Union are developing new trading programs or other initiatives that may set precedents for a future national U.S. greenhouse gas trading scheme. This paper summarizes the literature on the “lessons learned” from the SO2 trading program for greenhouse gas trading, including lessons about the potential differences in design that may be necessary because of the different sources, science, mitigation options, and economics inherent in greenhouse gases. The paper discusses how the programs and initiatives mentioned above have been shaped by lessons from past trading programs and whether they are making changes to the SO2 model to address greenhouse gases. Finally, the paper concludes with an assessment of the implications of these initiatives for a future U.S. national greenhouse gas trading program.climate change, emissions trading, European Union, U.S. states, corporate environmentalism

Obtaining a bioadsorbent from orange peel suitable for batch and continous treatment

One form of chemical contamination involves the contribution of heavy metals to the ecosystem mainly from industrial spills and mining operations. The most toxic heavy metals are cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead and zinc. The importance of this type of toxic lies in the tendency to be accumulated and concentrated by the different species, being more dangerous as it ascends the evolutionary chain towards man.Chemical precipitation is the most widely used technique for metal recovery. This process is conditioned by the pH, metal concentration and anions present in the water to be treated.Bioadsorption is considered a viable alternative to the physico-chemical methods currently used for the recovery or removal of heavy metals dissolved in liquid effluents. Its main attractiveness, from an industrial point of view, is its low cost dueto the great abundance, easy obtaining and low price of the bioadsorbent material. Bioadsorption is very effective in the treatment of metal concentrations below 100 mg/L, where the application of physical-chemical methods is not technically and economically feasible.One of these materials of interest is orange peelsbecause, due to their abundance as a waste product of the food industries, they have problems for their disposal and currently have little economic value. However, this residue has a low adsorption capacity, so both physical and chemical modifications arerequired to increase its adsorption properties.The objective of this work has been to optimize the treatment of orange peel intended to obtain a bioadsorbent that allows the removal of heavy metals both in a discontinuous process (Batch) and in an ongoing process. The verification of the characteristics of the bioadsorbent obtained has been carried out with a series of synthetic solutions of Cu (II).The particle size and consistency of the final bioadsorbent has been optimized. In addition, to achieve a homogeneous elution in the continuous process, additional heat treatment has been necessary to prevent the development of microorganisms in a period of time less than one week.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version