1,949 research outputs found

    Verbal labels selectively bias brain responses to high-energy foods.

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    The influence of external factors on food preferences and choices is poorly understood. Knowing which and how food-external cues impact the sensory processing and cognitive valuation of food would provide a strong benefit toward a more integrative understanding of food intake behavior and potential means of interfering with deviant eating patterns to avoid detrimental health consequences for individuals in the long run. We investigated whether written labels with positive and negative (as opposed to 'neutral') valence differentially modulate the spatio-temporal brain dynamics in response to the subsequent viewing of high- and low-energetic food images. Electrical neuroimaging analyses were applied to visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from 20 normal-weight participants. VEPs and source estimations in response to high- and low- energy foods were differentially affected by the valence of preceding word labels over the ~260-300 ms post-stimulus period. These effects were only observed when high-energy foods were preceded by labels with positive valence. Neural sources in occipital as well as posterior, frontal, insular and cingulate regions were down-regulated. These findings favor cognitive-affective influences especially on the visual responses to high-energetic food cues, potentially indicating decreases in cognitive control and goal-adaptive behavior. Inverse correlations between insular activity and effectiveness in food classification further indicate that this down-regulation directly impacts food-related behavior

    TEMPTED BY THE EYES: BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN RESPONSES TO FOOD SHAPED BY APPRECIATION, PREFERENCES AND FOOD-EXTRINSIC INFORMATION

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    Obesity has become a major public health issue as it has reached pandemic proportions over the last decades. This increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight in industrialized countries is to a large part explained by the abundance of tempting foods promoting overeating and subsequent weight gain. Resisting food temptations has thus become a necessity in order to maintain a healthy body weight. The thesis at hand provides a better understanding of behavioral and brain responses involved in sensory food perception, reward and control. The first study (study A) assessed how food liking influences subsequent choice between two food alternatives, and how, in turn, these factors modulate brain responses to the viewing of high- and low- energy foods (published manuscript: “Does my brain want what my eyes like? – How food liking influences choice and impacts spatio-temporal brain dynamics to food viewing" (Bielser & CrĂ©zĂ© et al., 2015)). In this study, we found that strongly like foods were chosen more often and faster than less liked foods. Further, the level of liking and subsequent choice influenced brain responses in areas involved in reward attribution as well as decision-making processes, likely influencing prospective food intake. The second study (study B) investigated the neural representation of meal images varying in portion size in the context of prospective food intake and expected satiety (published manuscript: “Brain dynamics of meal selection in humans" (Toepel, Bielser et al., 2015)). In this study, our results showed that brain regions involved in visual processing and reward attribution trace physical portion size increases during early stages of perception, likely reflective of the quantification of the amount of food available for subsequent intake. During a later stage of information processing, brain regions involved in attention and adaptive behaviors responded to "ideal” portion sizes, likely reflecting control over food intake to select portions to achieve adequate satiety. The third study (study C) assessed how encountering traffic light labeling (as used on food packages) preceding food images influenced behavioral and brain responses to high- and low-energy foods (“Biasing behavioral decisions and brain responses to food with traffic light labeling" (Bielser et al., in preparation)). In this study, we found that traffic light labeling and energetic content of viewed foods modulated neural activity in a network of regions known to be involved in reward valuation, inhibitory control, attention and object categorization. These findings support traffic light labeling as a potentially effective means to guide food choices and ameliorate body weight long-term management. Together, the studies comprised in this thesis showed that modulations of neural activity in response to food perception occur already at early stages of visual processing and can be influenced by the level of appreciation, the amount of food presented as well as food-extrinsic information. These findings contribute to a better understanding of factors shaping food-related behavior and, in extension, food intake. -- L’obĂ©sitĂ© est devenue un problĂšme majeur de santĂ© publique qui a atteint des proportions pandĂ©miques au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. L’augmentation de la prĂ©valence du surpoids et de l’obĂ©sitĂ© dans les pays industrialisĂ©s s’explique en grande partie par l’abondance de nourriture dont le degrĂ© d’attirance incite Ă  une consommation en excĂšs et engendre une prise de poids. Cette thĂšse avait pour but une meilleure comprĂ©hension des rĂ©ponses comportementales et cĂ©rĂ©brales impliquĂ©es dans la perception sensorielle de nourriture, la rĂ©compense et le contrĂŽle. La premiĂšre Ă©tude (Ă©tude A) a investiguĂ© la façon dont l’apprĂ©ciation de la nourriture influence un choix subsĂ©quent entre deux alternatives alimentaires, et comment, par extension, ces facteurs modulent les rĂ©ponses cĂ©rĂ©brales Ă  la vue de nourriture Ă  haute et basse teneur Ă©nergĂ©tique (manuscrit publiĂ© : “Does my brain want what my eyes like? – How food liking influences choice and impacts spatio- temporal brain dynamics to food viewing" (Bielser & CrĂ©zĂ© et al., 2015)). Dans cette Ă©tude, nous avons montrĂ© que la nourriture hautement apprĂ©ciĂ©e est choisie plus souvent que les aliments moins bien notĂ©s. De plus, le niveau d’apprĂ©ciation et le choix subsĂ©quent influencent les rĂ©ponses cĂ©rĂ©brales d’aires impliquĂ©es dans l’attribution de rĂ©compense ainsi que dans les processus de prise de dĂ©cision et par la mĂȘme, un impact probable sur la prise alimentaire prospective. La deuxiĂšme Ă©tude (Ă©tude B) a investiguĂ© les reprĂ©sentations cĂ©rĂ©brales d’images de repas dont la taille des portions varient, dans le contexte d’une prise alimentaire prospective et de la satiĂ©tĂ© en rĂ©sultant (manuscrit publiĂ© : “Brain dynamics of meal selection in humans" (Toepel, Bielser et al., 2015)). Dans cette Ă©tude, nos rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que des rĂ©gions cĂ©rĂ©brales impliquĂ©es dans les processus visuels, ainsi que dans l’attribution de rĂ©compense tracent les augmentations physiques de portion durant les premiĂšres Ă©tapes de perception, reprĂ©sentant probablement une quantification de la nourriture disponible pour une prise alimentaire subsĂ©quente. Durant une Ă©tape plus tardive du dĂ©codage d’information, des rĂ©gions cĂ©rĂ©brales impliquĂ©es dans l’attention et dans les comportements adaptatifs prĂ©sentent une forte rĂ©activitĂ© pour les portions jugĂ©es de taille « idĂ©ale », reflĂ©tant sans doute un contrĂŽle sur la prise alimentaire afin de sĂ©lectionner une portion permettant d’atteindre une satiĂ©tĂ© adĂ©quate. La troisiĂšme Ă©tude (Ă©tude C) a investiguĂ© comment la rencontre fortuite de feux de circulation, comme ceux utilisĂ©s actuellement sur les labels d’étiquetage alimentaire, influence les rĂ©ponses comportementales et cĂ©rĂ©brales Ă  la vue de nourriture Ă  haute et basse teneur Ă©nergĂ©tique ("Biasing behavioral decisions and brain responses to food with traffic light labeling" (Bielser et al., en prĂ©paration)). Dans cette Ă©tude, nous avons montrĂ© que ces labels modulent les rĂ©ponses cĂ©rĂ©brales dans un rĂ©seau d’aires impliquĂ©es dans l’attribution de rĂ©compense, le contrĂŽle inhibiteur, l’attention et la catĂ©gorisation d’objets. Ces rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent l’efficacitĂ© des labels reproduisant les feux de circulation comme moyen de guidage des choix alimentaires et d’amĂ©lioration de la gestion du poids Ă  long terme. Ensemble, les Ă©tudes comprises dans cette thĂšse ont dĂ©montrĂ© que les modulations de l’activitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale en rĂ©ponse Ă  la perception de nourriture ont lieu Ă  des Ă©tapes trĂšs prĂ©coces du dĂ©codage d’information visuelle et qu’elles peuvent ĂȘtre influencĂ©es par le niveau d’apprĂ©ciation, la quantitĂ© de nourriture disponible ainsi que par des informations contextuelles

    Children’s sensitivity to speaker accuracy and explanatory competence with biological concepts

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    This thesis investigated children’s selective trust in contexts that extend beyond a direct comparison of a distinctly accurate labeller with a distinctly inaccurate labeller in the domain of artifacts. First, it was examined whether children’s evaluations of informant trustworthiness is similar across the biological domain and the domain of artifacts. Second, it was investigated how children interpret novel labellers when compared to accurate and inaccurate labellers. Finally, children were presented with informants who provided functional or surface information for body parts to determine whether they prefer learning from informants who provided functional explanations. Across five experiments, children aged between 3 and 8 years of age (N = 379) were tested. The main findings were as follows: (a) 4- and 5-year-olds knew more about external body parts than internal organs; (b) 5-year-olds began to appreciate that speakers offering novel information were more trustworthy than those offering inaccurate information; (c) 4- to 8-year-olds had difficulty with distinguishing between informants who provided either functional explanations or obvious descriptions for highly unfamiliar organs; (d) however, when presented with informants who provided either functional or obvious information for highly familiar body parts, 8-year-olds (and to some extent, 5-year-olds) showed better recall of which informant provided a particular type of explanation, but they did not consider either informant to be a more trustworthy source. These findings indicate that children demonstrate selective trust in the biological domain, as well as in contexts that go beyond comparing accurate and inaccurate labellers. It is apparent that children are balanced in their evaluations of informants who provide new information, as well as those provide information that varies in explanatory depth. However, they are yet to fully consider functional explanations to be superior to superficial descriptions

    Children’s sensitivity to speaker accuracy and explanatory competence with biological concepts

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    This thesis investigated children’s selective trust in contexts that extend beyond a direct comparison of a distinctly accurate labeller with a distinctly inaccurate labeller in the domain of artifacts. First, it was examined whether children’s evaluations of informant trustworthiness is similar across the biological domain and the domain of artifacts. Second, it was investigated how children interpret novel labellers when compared to accurate and inaccurate labellers. Finally, children were presented with informants who provided functional or surface information for body parts to determine whether they prefer learning from informants who provided functional explanations. Across five experiments, children aged between 3 and 8 years of age (N = 379) were tested. The main findings were as follows: (a) 4- and 5-year-olds knew more about external body parts than internal organs; (b) 5-year-olds began to appreciate that speakers offering novel information were more trustworthy than those offering inaccurate information; (c) 4- to 8-year-olds had difficulty with distinguishing between informants who provided either functional explanations or obvious descriptions for highly unfamiliar organs; (d) however, when presented with informants who provided either functional or obvious information for highly familiar body parts, 8-year-olds (and to some extent, 5-year-olds) showed better recall of which informant provided a particular type of explanation, but they did not consider either informant to be a more trustworthy source. These findings indicate that children demonstrate selective trust in the biological domain, as well as in contexts that go beyond comparing accurate and inaccurate labellers. It is apparent that children are balanced in their evaluations of informants who provide new information, as well as those provide information that varies in explanatory depth. However, they are yet to fully consider functional explanations to be superior to superficial descriptions

    The role of associative learning in healthy and sustainable food evaluations : An event-related potential study

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    Individuals in industrialized societies frequently include processed foods in their diet. However, overconsumption of heavily processed foods leads to imbalanced calorie intakes as well as negative health consequences and environmental impacts. In the present study, normal-weight healthy individuals were recruited in order to test whether associative learning (Evaluative Conditioning, EC) could strengthen the association between food-types (minimally processed and heavily processed foods) and concepts (e.g., healthiness), and whether these changes would be reflected at the implicit associations, at the explicit ratings and in behavioral choices. A Semantic Congruency task (SC) during electroencephalography recordings was used to examine the neural signature of newly acquired associations between foods and concepts. The accuracy after EC towards minimally processed food (MP-food) in the SC task significantly increased, indicating strengthened associations between MP-food and the concept of healthiness through EC. At the neural level, a more negative amplitude of the N400 waveform, which reflects semantic incongruency, was shown in response to MP-foods paired with the concept of unhealthiness in proximity of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This implied the possible role of the left DLPFC in changing food representations by integrating stimuli’s features with existing food-relevant information. Finally, the N400 effect was modulated by individuals’ attentional impulsivity as well as restrained eating behavior

    Does my brain want what my eyes like? - How food liking and choice influence spatio-temporal brain dynamics of food viewing.

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    How food valuation and decision-making influence the perception of food is of major interest to better understand food intake behavior and, by extension, body weight management. Our study investigated behavioral responses and spatio-temporal brain dynamics by means of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in twenty-two normal-weight participants when viewing pairs of food photographs. Participants rated how much they liked each food item (valuation) and subsequently chose between the two alternative food images. Unsurprisingly, strongly liked foods were also chosen most often. Foods were rated faster as strongly liked than as mildly liked or disliked irrespective of whether they were subsequently chosen over an alternative. Moreover, strongly liked foods were subsequently also chosen faster than the less liked alternatives. Response times during valuation and choice were positively correlated, but only when foods were liked; the faster participants rated foods as strongly liked, the faster they were in choosing the food item over an alternative. VEP modulations by the level of liking attributed as well as the subsequent choice were found as early as 135-180ms after food image onset. Analyses of neural source activity patterns over this time interval revealed an interaction between liking and the subsequent choice within the insula, dorsal frontal and superior parietal regions. The neural responses to food viewing were found to be modulated by the attributed level of liking only when foods were chosen, not when they were dismissed for an alternative. Therein, the responses to disliked foods were generally greater than those to foods that were liked more. Moreover, the responses to disliked but chosen foods were greater than responses to disliked foods which were subsequently dismissed for an alternative offer. Our findings show that the spatio-temporal brain dynamics to food viewing are immediately influenced both by how much foods are liked and by choices taken on them. These valuation and choice processes are subserved by brain regions involved in salience and reward attribution as well as in decision-making processes, which are likely to influence prospective dietary choices in everyday life

    Error Management in Learning and Generalisation: The Domain of Food

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    Whilst many societies today rely on industrially processed foods, this is atypical compared to other societies across the world and across history. Acquiring food through means of hunting or gathering poses risks that an individual must balance with a dependence on these means for survival. One strategy to help minimise these risks is to learn about the threats in one’s environment, and it appears learning systems are specialised for this, with certain information being more learnable than others. Past research has shown that infants appear to possess learning biases relating to edibility for plants, and more broadly studies have demonstrated children and adults to be biased towards learning information pertinent to survival (e.g. danger, threat).One explanation for the emergence of such biases is Error Management Theory, which argues that in instances where certain mistakes are more costly than others, cognitive biases emerge to minimise the more costly errors. The present dissertation reasons that this logic may also apply to generalisation processes, and looks to examine whether different kinds of information are generalised differently, and how this differs across the lifecourse, whilst also further investigating learning biases towards certain types of information. Chapter 2 (Rioux, Russell & Wertz, 2022) investigates whether generalisation systems are biased in regards to certain types of information, testing whether generalisation of edibility and toxicity information reflects the relative costs of generalisation errors for these kinds of information in adults and in children. We find this to be the case, with adults generalising toxicity more and edibility information less. Interestingly, it is observed that this appears to only be the case under the highest level of uncertainty, and the effect is not observed in children Moreover, we find evidence that there does appear to be an overall negativity effect on generalisation, but that this cannot fully account for the differences in generalisation for edibility and toxicity information. These results offer the first indication that human generalisation is biased to reflect the relative costs of possible generalisation mistakes and support the notion of a generalisation system shaped to minimise costly generalisation errors. In Chapter 3 we investigate the effects of information type on generalisation further using a different method, look deeper at the role of uncertainty, and examine the role played by individual differences, specifically anxiety, on generalisation. We also looked to build upon existing work demonstrating learning is biased towards certain kinds of information (e.g., threat, danger) by examining learning biases towards danger and edibility information in the domain of food. We find a limited effect of information type on generalisation for adults, but unlike in Chapter 1, did not observe this effect to be greater under uncertainty. Moreover, whilst we did not find the predicted effect of information type on recall accuracy observed in previous research, it was found that information type influenced the kinds of mistakes made, with participants making more false positive errors compared to the more costly false negative for toxicity information. Finally, we present evidence that, contrary to predictions, individual differences do not increase risk minimising behaviour, rather in certain circumstances greater anxiety may lead to risk increasing behaviours. In Chapter 4 we looked to replicate a finding from Wertz & Wynn (2014), who observed 18-month-old infants would selectively associate plants with edibility over a control artifact. We were not able to replicate this finding. Following this non-replication we tested the effect using an alternative method to examine possible methodological reasons for our results and again did not observe an effect. Taken in concert the results presented in this dissertation provide evidence that generalisation, but not learning, appears to be sensitive to the type of information being generalised. Consistent with the predictions of Error Management Theory, generalisation systems seem to be biased towards reducing the more costly mistakes, yet only under certain circumstances. This calls for further research to elucidate the moderating factors on the generalisation of potentially costly information, and further replications in the study of learning biases.WĂ€hrend viele Gesellschaften sich heute auf industriell verarbeitete Nahrung verlassen, ist dies im Vergleich zu anderen Gesellschaften in der Welt und in der Geschichte untypisch. Die Beschaffung von Nahrung durch Jagen oder Sammeln birgt Risiken, die eine Person gegen die AbhĂ€ngigkeit von diesen Mitteln zum Überleben abwĂ€gen muss. Eine Strategie zur Minimierung dieser Risiken besteht darin, sich ĂŒber die Bedrohungen in seiner Umgebung zu informieren, und es scheint, dass die Lernsysteme darauf spezialisiert sind, wobei bestimmte Informationen leichter erlernt werden können als andere. FrĂŒhere Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass SĂ€uglinge in Bezug auf die Essbarkeit von Pflanzen selektiv lernen, und allgemein haben Studien gezeigt, dass Kinder und Erwachsene dazu neigen, ĂŒberlebenswichtige Informationen bevorzugt zu lernen (z. B. Gefahr, Bedrohung). Eine ErklĂ€rung fĂŒr die Entstehung solcher PrĂ€ferenzen („biases“) ist die Fehlermanagement-Theorie (Error Management Theory), die besagt, dass in FĂ€llen, in denen bestimmte Fehler kostspieliger sind als andere, kognitive PrĂ€fenzen („biases“) entstehen, um die kostspieligeren Fehler zu minimieren. Die vorliegende Dissertation argumentiert, dass diese Logik auch auf Generalisierungsprozesse angewendet werden kann, und untersucht, inwiefern verschiedene Arten von Informationen unterschiedlich verallgemeinert werden und wie sich dies ĂŒber den Lebensverlauf hinweg unterscheidet. Außerdem wird selektives Lernen („learning biases“) gegenĂŒber bestimmten Arten von Informationen weiter untersucht. In Kapitel 2 (Rioux, Russell & Wertz, 2022) wird untersucht, ob Generalisierungssysteme in Bezug auf bestimmte Arten von Informationen voreingenommen sind, indem geprĂŒft wird, ob die Generalisierung von Informationen durch Erwachsene und Kinder ĂŒber Genießbarkeit und ToxizitĂ€t die relativen Kosten von Generalisierungsfehlern fĂŒr diese Arten von Informationen widerspiegelt. Wir stellen fest, dass dies der Fall ist: Erwachsene verallgemeinern Informationen zur ToxizitĂ€t stĂ€rker und Informationen zur Genießbarkeit weniger. Interessanterweise scheint dies nur bei dem höchsten Maß an Unsicherheit der Fall zu sein, und der Effekt wird bei Kindern nicht beobachtet. DarĂŒber hinaus finden wir Hinweise darauf, dass es einen allgemeinen NegativitĂ€tseffekt auf die Generalisierung zu geben scheint, der jedoch die Unterschiede bei der Generalisierung von Informationen ĂŒber Genießbarkeit und ToxizitĂ€t nicht vollstĂ€ndig erklĂ€ren kann. Diese Ergebnisse liefern den ersten Hinweis darauf, dass bei Menschen die Generalisierung die relativen Kosten möglicher Generalisierungsfehler widerspiegelt, und unterstĂŒtzen die Auffassung eines Generalisierungssystems, das so gestaltet ist, dass kostspielige Generalisierungsfehler minimiert werden. In Kapitel 3 untersuchen wir die Auswirkungen der Art der Information auf die Generalisierung mit einer anderen Methode, gehen nĂ€her auf die Rolle von Unsicherheit ein und untersuchen die Rolle, die individuelle Unterschiede, insbesondere Angst, bei der Generalisierung spielen. Wir haben auch versucht, auf bestehenden Arbeiten aufzubauen, die zeigen, dass das Lernen fĂŒr bestimmte Arten von Informationen (z. B. Bedrohung, Gefahr) spezialisiert ist, indem wir selektives Lernen („learning biases“) in Bezug auf Informationen ĂŒber Gefahr und Genießbarkeit im Bereich der Nahrung untersucht haben. Wir fanden eine begrenzte Auswirkung der Art der Information auf die Generalisierung bei Erwachsenen, konnten aber im Gegensatz zu Kapitel 1 nicht feststellen, dass dieser Effekt bei Unsicherheit grĂ¶ĂŸer ist. DarĂŒber hinaus fanden wir zwar nicht den vorhergesagten Effekt des Informationstyps auf die Erinnerungsgenauigkeit, der in frĂŒheren Untersuchungen beobachtet wurde, aber es wurde festgestellt, dass der Informationstyp die Art der gemachten Fehler beeinflusste, wobei die Teilnehmer mehr falsch-positive Fehler im Vergleich zu den kostspieligeren falsch-negativen Fehlern bei ToxizitĂ€tsinformationen machten. Schließlich konnten wir nachweisen, dass entgegen den Vorhersagen individuelle Unterschiede nicht zu risikominimierendem Verhalten fĂŒhren, sondern dass unter bestimmten UmstĂ€nden grĂ¶ĂŸere Angst zu risikoerhöhendem Verhalten fĂŒhren kann. In Kapitel 4 versuchten wir, ein Ergebnis von Wertz & Wynn (2014) zu replizieren, die beobachteten, dass 18 Monate alte SĂ€uglinge Pflanzen selektiv mit Essbarkeit assoziierten und nicht mit einem Kontroll-Artefakt. Wir konnten diesen Befund nicht replizieren. Daraufhin testeten wir den Effekt mit einer alternativen Methode, um mögliche methodische GrĂŒnde fĂŒr unsere Ergebnisse zu untersuchen, und konnten erneut keinen Effekt beobachten. Insgesamt belegen die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellten Ergebnisse, dass die Generalisierung, nicht aber das Lernen, von der Art der verallgemeinerten Informationen abhĂ€ngig zu sein scheint. In Übereinstimmung mit den Vorhersagen der Fehlermanagement-Theorie (Error Management Theory) scheinen Generalisierungssysteme darauf ausgerichtet zu sein, die kostspieligeren Fehler zu reduzieren, allerdings nur unter bestimmten UmstĂ€nden. Dies erfordert weitere Untersuchungen, um die moderierenden Faktoren fĂŒr die Generalisierung potenziell kostspieliger Informationen zu klĂ€ren, sowie weitere Replikationen bei der Untersuchung von selektiven Lernprozessen

    Change blindness: eradication of gestalt strategies

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    Arrays of eight, texture-defined rectangles were used as stimuli in a one-shot change blindness (CB) task where there was a 50% chance that one rectangle would change orientation between two successive presentations separated by an interval. CB was eliminated by cueing the target rectangle in the first stimulus, reduced by cueing in the interval and unaffected by cueing in the second presentation. This supports the idea that a representation was formed that persisted through the interval before being 'overwritten' by the second presentation (Landman et al, 2003 Vision Research 43149–164]. Another possibility is that participants used some kind of grouping or Gestalt strategy. To test this we changed the spatial position of the rectangles in the second presentation by shifting them along imaginary spokes (by ±1 degree) emanating from the central fixation point. There was no significant difference seen in performance between this and the standard task [F(1,4)=2.565, p=0.185]. This may suggest two things: (i) Gestalt grouping is not used as a strategy in these tasks, and (ii) it gives further weight to the argument that objects may be stored and retrieved from a pre-attentional store during this task

    Neuronal and behavioral correlates of the influence of contextual cues on value-based decision making = Die neuronalen und behavioralen Korrelate des Einflusses von kontextuellen Reizen auf das wertebasierte Entscheidungsverhalten : Kumulative Arbeit

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    Value-based decisions are almost omnipresent in life. However, they are not very well understood. Previous research has shown that the decision-making process is dynamic, and can be influenced, for instance, by increasing the saliency of a certain attribute. Therefore, one could hypothesize that it is possible to make decision-makers aware of certain long-term attributes in order to improve decisions. In four main studies published during my doctoral work, I investigated the role of contextual attributes on value-based decision making and how they influence dietary choices. The text presented here puts the published studies into a broader context and reviews various topics, such as the influence of attention on decision making, neuroscientific evidence as well as computational models in decision-making research
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