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    ๋น„ํ™”์ž ์š”์†Œ์— ๊ฐ•์ธํ•œ ํ™”์ž ์ธ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ถ”์ถœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ๊น€๋‚จ์ˆ˜.Over the recent years, various deep learning-based embedding methods have been proposed and have shown impressive performance in speaker verification. However, as in most of the classical embedding techniques, the deep learning-based methods are known to suffer from severe performance degradation when dealing with speech samples with different conditions (e.g., recording devices, emotional states). Also, unlike the classical Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based techniques (e.g., GMM supervector or i-vector), since the deep learning-based embedding systems are trained in a fully supervised manner, it is impossible for them to utilize unlabeled dataset when training. In this thesis, we propose a variational autoencoder (VAE)-based embedding framework, which extracts the total variability embedding and a representation for the uncertainty within the input speech distribution. Unlike the conventional deep learning-based embedding techniques (e.g., d-vector or x-vector), the proposed VAE-based embedding system is trained in an unsupervised manner, which enables the utilization of unlabeled datasets. Furthermore, in order to prevent the potential loss of information caused by the Kullback-Leibler divergence regularization term in the VAE-based embedding framework, we propose an adversarially learned inference (ALI)-based embedding technique. Both VAE- and ALI-based embedding techniques have shown great performance in terms of short duration speaker verification, outperforming the conventional i-vector framework. Additionally, we present a fully supervised training method for disentangling the non-speaker nuisance information from the speaker embedding. The proposed training scheme jointly extracts the speaker and nuisance attribute (e.g., recording channel, emotion) embeddings, and train them to have maximum information on their main-task while ensuring maximum uncertainty on their sub-task. Since the proposed method does not require any heuristic training strategy as in the conventional disentanglement techniques (e.g., adversarial learning, gradient reversal), optimizing the embedding network is relatively more stable. The proposed scheme have shown state-of-the-art performance in RSR2015 Part 3 dataset, and demonstrated its capability in efficiently disentangling the recording device and emotional information from the speaker embedding.์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™”์ž ์ธ์‹์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ (e.g., ๋…น์Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ์ •)์—์„œ ๋…น์Œ๋œ ์Œ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ (Gaussian mixture model, GMM) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค (e.g., GMM ์Šˆํผ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, i-๋ฒกํ„ฐ)์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” variational autoencoder (VAE) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ ๋ถ„ํฌ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์™€ ์Œ์„ฑ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (e.g., d-๋ฒกํ„ฐ, x-๋ฒกํ„ฐ)์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ VAE์˜ KL-divergence ์ œ์•ฝ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ adversarially learned inference (ALI) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ VAE ๋ฐ ALI ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์งง์€ ์Œ์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™”์ž ์ธ์ฆ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ i-๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„ ํ™”์ž ์š”์†Œ (e.g., ๋…น์Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ์ •)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ํ™”์ž ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์™€ ๋น„ํ™”์ž ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์ด ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋˜, ๋ถ€ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•™์Šต๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋น„ ํ™”์ž ์š”์†Œ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค (e.g., adversarial learning, gradient reversal)์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ํœด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฑํ•œ ํ•™์Šต ์ „๋žต์„ ์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ์—, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ RSR2015 Part3 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋…น์Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ • ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. Introduction 1 2. Conventional embedding techniques for speaker recognition 7 2.1. i-vector framework 7 2.2. Deep learning-based speaker embedding 10 2.2.1. Deep embedding network 10 2.2.2. Conventional disentanglement methods 13 3. Unsupervised learning of total variability embedding for speaker verification with random digit strings 17 3.1. Introduction 17 3.2. Variational autoencoder 20 3.3. Variational inference model for non-linear total variability embedding 22 3.3.1. Maximum likelihood training 23 3.3.2. Non-linear feature extraction and speaker verification 25 3.4. Experiments 26 3.4.1. Databases 26 3.4.2. Experimental setup 27 3.4.3. Effect of the duration on the latent variable 28 3.4.4. Experiments with VAEs 30 3.4.5. Feature-level fusion of i-vector and latent variable 33 3.4.6. Score-level fusion of i-vector and latent variable 36 3.5. Summary 39 4. Adversarially learned total variability embedding for speaker recognition with random digit strings 41 4.1. Introduction 41 4.2. Adversarially learned inference 43 4.3. Adversarially learned feature extraction 45 4.3.1. Maximum likelihood criterion 47 4.3.2. Adversarially learned inference for non-linear i-vector extraction 49 4.3.3. Relationship to the VAE-based feature extractor 50 4.4. Experiments 51 4.4.1. Databases 51 4.4.2. Experimental setup 53 4.4.3. Effect of the duration on the latent variable 54 4.4.4. Speaker verification and identification with different utterance-level features 56 4.5. Summary 62 5. Disentangled speaker and nuisance attribute embedding for robust speaker verification 63 5.1. Introduction 63 5.2. Joint factor embedding 67 5.2.1. Joint factor embedding network architecture 67 5.2.2. Training for joint factor embedding 69 5.3. Experiments 71 5.3.1. Channel disentanglement experiments 71 5.3.2. Emotion disentanglement 82 5.3.3. Noise disentanglement 86 5.4. Summary 87 6. Conclusion 93 Bibliography 95 Abstract (Korean) 105Docto
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