Uniform Micro-Patterning of an Arbitrary Surface

According to the literature, creating specific micro-level patterns on some surfaces can significantly reduce friction. To this effect, a method is presented to create a regular pattern of micro-level indentations on any irregular surface. Creating a uniform pattern on a regular surface is possible using commercial CAD software, where regular surface is the surface obtained by extrusion or revolution of a 2D sketch along any curve. But, it is complicated and often incorrect for irregular surfaces. The thesis presents the approach followed to create parameterized regular patterns on arbitrary surfaces. Three different algorithms are presented, each achieving a progressively increased quality solution. The last and best method provides a set of points with their corresponding normals to the surface to enable the creation of the patterning feature. The algorithm reads an STL file, a format neutral output of any CAD software and implements the method on the approximated surface. Each facet surface upon which the pattern has to be created is sliced by planes at specific distances from each other. The intersections of the facets and the planes are calculated and chains are formed from the intersections in each plane. Points are interpolated at the required pitch in different chains formed at the intersection of a single plane and the facets. This procedure is repeated for each plane. Thus, a pattern of points of specified pitch distance that can be as low as microns can be generated. Given specifications of a machine, this method generates the X, Y, and Z translations and the axis rotation angles needed to generate a g-code specific to a micro-milling machine. This code can be used directly for any metal removing process that has to create micro-level indentations on an arbitrary surface. If instead, the features are protrusions on some irregular surface, then the resultant points obtained with the developed approach can be used to apply the pattern at each of the identified locations

Comparative Study of Web3D Standard Format to Determine the Base Format for A Web3D Framework

With the current Web3D document format, users are  forced  to  choose certain  document formats to  use,  either during development with a particular tool  or when it will be displayed in a browser. Only one format that can be processed by any browser at one given time. This raises the main problem of not allowing users to display a variety of objects with different formats in their browser. For this problem, a Web3D framework can be the solution, as it will provide format conversion for the browser. The conversion itself requires an appropriate base format as the conversion goal. Since there are many formats that have been implemented by users, a comparison has to be done for the purpose of choosing the suitable format. In this study, comparisons have been made to obtain some information. The information required is the complexity of each document in describing a 3D object in the browser, as well as the performance of the particular format. Web3D formats compared in this research are the standard ones: VRML and X3D. Various specific description of object formation have also been selected as sample representation for each format. Based on comparisons in the representation information of each standard format, X3D is the more suitable format for this need. As a standard format representation, the results obtained can be used for further comparisons with non-standard or proprietary formats. This information is needed to determine the final   base  format  for   the  framework  to   be   developed   in subsequent research.

Three-Dimensional Atlas System for Mouse and Rat Brain Imaging Data

Tomographic neuroimaging techniques allow visualization of functionally and structurally specific signals in the mouse and rat brain. The interpretation of the image data relies on accurate determination of anatomical location, which is frequently obstructed by the lack of structural information in the data sets. Positron emission tomography (PET) generally yields images with low spatial resolution and little structural contrast, and many experimental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) paradigms give specific signal enhancements but often limited anatomical information. Side-by-side comparison of image data with conventional atlas diagram is hampered by the 2-D format of the atlases, and by the lack of an analytical environment for accumulation of data and integrative analyses. We here present a method for reconstructing 3-D atlases from digital 2-D atlas diagrams, and exemplify 3-D atlas-based analysis of PET and MRI data. The reconstruction procedure is based on two seminal mouse and brain atlases, but is applicable to any stereotaxic atlas. Currently, 30 mouse brain structures and 60 rat brain structures have been reconstructed. To exploit the 3-D atlas models, we have developed a multi-platform atlas tool (available via The Rodent Workbench, http://rbwb.org) which allows combined visualization of experimental image data within the 3-D atlas space together with 3-D viewing and user-defined slicing of selected atlas structures. The tool presented facilitates assignment of location and comparative analysis of signal location in tomographic images with low structural contrast

SISTEM AUGMENTED REALITY UNTUK ANIMASI GAMES MENGGUNANAKAN CAMERA PADA PC

Augmented reality become very popular now days because in addition to exciting, can also be displayed in realtime, A game of real-time using the marker to display an animation games in 3D, Augmented Reality is a technology that puts a virtual image of computer graphics in the real world , or in other words, the merger between the real world with virtual worlds, and is one example of the application field of art and technology that pretty much enjoy doing today. Therefore, this final project in Augmented Reality systems to create animated games using the camera as a medium for reading the input symbol of the animated 3D games. The identification marker is used to identify the Symbols that will translate the goals and objectives. In this final project will be made a software that can identify markers through the image captured by a camera that will be displayed in the form of animated 3D games. The process was conducted on the reading of marker symbols using the camera and then do the pre processing stage of the process of segmentation for comparison with the marker symbol that has become a symbol of the previous reference. When the marker is a symbol image that has similarities with the reference data, then the results of image recognition that is what will be used to display animated 3D Games. Keywords: Real time, Marker, Animation games

An advanced prototyping process for highly accurate models in biomedical applications

An integrated prototyping process for the derivation of complex medical models is introduced. The use of medical models can support today’s medicine by improving diagnosis and surgical planning, teaching and patient information. To withstand the challenges of time and accuracy, a process for generating accurate virtual and physical medical models is needed. The introduced process offers the possibility to derive virtual and physical models for biomedical engineering applications. Reviewing the current situation of medical virtual prototyping and rapid prototyping applications, limitations were found related to the influential variables of data acquisition, data processing, virtual reality use, and rapid prototyping manufacturing. An integrated prototyping concept (MPP) is introduced for embedding virtual prototyping and rapid prototyping in biomedical applications. Data processing and 3D modeling of complex anatomical structures from computerized image data were investigated and discussed in detail. Finally, parameter analyses were evaluated to derive optimal parameters needed for preparing 3D models for virtual prototyping and rapid prototyping processing in medicine. Summarizing from the accuracy analysis, the present investigation is the first to examine tomographic scanning as decisive factor for inaccuracy of medical prototyping models. The human nose is an example of a complex anatomical geometry, which has been an object of scientific research interest for several years. One of the applications introduced here uses the developed MPP concept as basis for a procedure that generates animated medical models in a virtual reality environment. Although, attempts are being made to reconstruct the human nose as an experimental rapid prototyping model, a process for accurate reconstruction as a transparent rapid prototyping model is still missing. The MPP concept allows fabricating individual models of the human nose with a high level of accuracy and transparency. Finally, temporal analysis revealed major time improvements in modeling complex anatomical models compared to approaches without optimized process sequences and approved parameters. The prototyping of the human hip was the second example used. The results of this particular example emphasized the strengths of the medial prototyping process in preparing hip models for presurgery planning. Here, accuracy was enhanced considerably. Rapid prototyping hip models can provide assistance as a surgical planning tool in complex cases, especially in improving surgical results and implant stability. Thus, the accuracy and time of model generation is improved, thereby establishing a defined process for medical model generation. Considering the novel findings of broad improvements in accuracy and time, a new field of research is emerging, serving both virtual surgery applications and physical implant generation. The MPP developed in this work can be viewed as an initial approach for launching international standards of prototyping technologies in medicine

Multiple View 3D Reconstruction of Micro- to Nano-Scopic Specimens

Range images and 3D modeling are often utilized on large scale specimens, but have been somewhat overlooked on the microscopic scale. This thesis concentrates on overcoming some of the difficulties of capturing images and creating both 3D models and 2D range images on this scale. During the scope of this thesis we take a deeper look into the optical mechanics of the laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to understand the formation of the images and use that information to create our algorithms. With the use of the LSCM we can obtain a stack of 2D images of microscopic specimens. Our algorithm is able to process that stack of images and obtain both a 2D range image and a 3D model of a specimen from a single view. Through the use of computational methods and a set of eucentrically tilted images from the SEM we are able to obtain a surface point cloud of the specimen being modeled. By rotating the specimen and imaging it from several different angles a complete 3D model can be obtained. Through the implementation of our LSCM algorithm we have been able to obtain highly complete 3D reconstructions of both industrial and biological specimens of multiple size and shapes. The LSCM results produced and illustrated in this thesis exceed that of the current software available for producing both range images and 3D models. The results obtained from the SEM algorithm are a bit more modest yet offer an important understanding of the 3D characteristics of the specimens modeled. The point clouds produced and illustrated in this thesis show the accurate reconstruction of multiple points in a 3D space and when coupled with the 2D images produced by the SEM can help offer better depth understanding and measurement of features located on the specimen. Through the course of this thesis we have solved a few of the problems associated with 3D modeling on the microscopic level and offered a very good starting point from which to build upon. These reconstruction methods can be utilized individually or together for the use of better understanding and mapping microscopic organisms, reverse engineering, and quality control checks of microscopic parts

3D Visualization Modules for Chemical Engineering – A Web-Based Approach Using Java and OpenGL

The main objective of this work is to implement web-based educational modules for chemical engineering students. Phase behavior is a topic with which the students seem to struggle with, particularly for mixtures, where a 2-D representation of the phase diagram falls far short of the understanding a 3-D model can provide. Using the platform-independence of Java and the graphics capability of OpenGL, three phase diagram Java applets have been developed. Users can view these web-based 3D applets by installing a plug-in. These modules provide users with an ability to rotate the 3D models, slice through them, zoom into them and view their various 2D projections. Also, a molecular simulation applet for measuring chemical potential of binary mixtures has been developed, using a Java-based molecular simulation application-programming interface (API). First, the thesis presents a brief overview of phase diagrams and explains why modeling them using computer graphics is useful. While visualization involves the merging of data with the display of geometric objects through computer graphics, it is important to study the software issues involved in web-based visualization. The paper explains the visualization framework by describing the visualization pipeline and then using it as a guideline for the development of the modules. Next, the paper describes the development of the molecular simulation applet using a molecular simulation API - Etomica. The Java applet provides for dynamic modification and interrogation of the simulation, while it is in progress, which enables students to see directly the effect of changing state conditions or molecular interactions on the behavior of the molecules and on the outcome of the simulation. It is hoped that by using these web-based 3D phase diagrams the chemical engineering students would gain a better understanding of the complicated 3D models, making this package a useful instructional aid. It is also hoped that the molecular simulation applet would be an effective tool to help students understand molecular simulations

Hack3D: Crowdsourcing the assessment of cybersecurity in digital manufacturing

This article summarizes lessons from the past three Hack3D events, including ways in which engineers can launch surprise attacks on digital manufacturing (DM) designs. A key outcome is a taxonomy-guided security benchmark for the DM community