Dealing with abstraction: Case study generalisation as a method for eliciting design patterns

Developing a pattern language is a non-trivial problem. A critical requirement is a method to support pattern writers with abstraction, so as they can produce generalised patterns. In this paper, we address this issue by developing a structured process of generalisation. It is important that this process is initiated through engaging participants in identifying initial patterns, i.e. directly dealing with the 'cold-start' problem. We have found that short case study descriptions provide a productive 'way into' the process for participants. We reflect on a 1-year interdisciplinary pan-European research project involving the development of almost 30 cases and over 150 patterns. We provide example cases, detailing the process by which their associated patterns emerged. This was based on a foundation for generalisation from cases with common attributes. We discuss the merits of this approach and its implications for pattern development

An Analysis of English and Spanish Stop Production in Heritage Spanish Speech: The Columbus, Ohio Speech Community

Due to the rising Hispanic population in the US, Heritage Spanish speakers, a type of bilingual speaker who grew up with some degree of exposure to a minority language as their first language [L1] while living in a country with some other majority language which is learned as their second language [L2], are becoming more prevalent in our society. Though these speakers account for a large number of the population throughout the country, studies focusing on Heritage Spanish typically focus on "traditionally" Spanish speaking areas such as the southwest. This study seeked to provide a snapshot into the Columbus, Ohio Heritage Spanish speech community, focusing on the stop consonants /p,t,k,b,d,g/, which appear in both languages but have distinct productions for each language. Stress, location within the word, place of articulation, and language dominance were then analyzed to discern any effects they had on the overall and individual productions of VOT and intensity ratio. Lastly, sociolinguistic factors of highest level of education completed, age of exposure, and amount of exposure were also tracked to determine their effect on individual sound production. Speakers were found to maintain separate phonetic categories for their Spanish and English sounds. Stress was found to have a significant effect on English voiceless stops, the realization of Spanish and English voiced stops, and the intensity of Spanish and English voiced stops. Location within the word was also found to have a significant effect on both English and Spanish voiceless stops, as well as the realization and intensity of Spanish and English voiced stops. The effects of sociolinguistic factors varied between voiced and voiceless sounds, but a strong connection was found linking percentage of time spent using English to VOT and intensity production for both sets. This strongly suggests that the sociolinguistic factor which is most important in phonological acquisition is use of the target language.No embargoAcademic Major: LinguisticsAcademic Major: Spanis

METAPHORICAL SWITCHING: A LINGUISTIC REPERTOIRE OF MUSLIM JAVANESE PRIESTS

Metaphorical switching is one of study in sociolinguistic. This term refers to a speaker that has no obvious explanatory factors for using more than one languages in his utterance. It is mostly done by skilled bilingual. Linguistic repertoire refers to the use of language by a speaker from one variety of languages to other varieties during the utterance events. This term is commonly found where the speaker considers the appropriate setting, topic, addressee and other social factors. The metaphorical switching in linguistic repertoire can be identified by using code switching and code mixing analysis. These kind of analysis used in a sermon is interesting to explore since there is only sole speaker that fully dominates the whole speaking. A sermon is a monologue, where the audience

IMPROVING THE LANGUAGE ACCURACY IN WRITING SKILL THROUGH GROUP DISCUSSION AND ERROR ANALYSIS

The aim of this study is to examine English composition written by EAP participants and to try to improve the participants’ language accuracy through group discussion and error analysis. The data which were collected from the participants’ writing assignments and tests (pre and post-tests). The research results show that the number and frequency of making errors seem to be consistent from the beginning to the end of the course whereas the researcher’s expectation is the number or frequency of errors should show the downward trends (decreasing week by week)

PRESERVING AND PROTECTING JAVANESE LANGUAGES BY APPLYING CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN CLASSROOM ( SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF PRAGMATICS)

Javanese languages are a part of Indigenous languages. They are one of culture’s heritages which Javanese people should preserve and protect them in this globalization era. Javanese languages are considered as the cornerstone of culture and the ultimate expression which Javanese people should know that by using them, culture can be shared and transmitted to further generations to express their identities. However, in the real fact, many indigenous languages in this world are almost extinct, and even, Javanese languages almost disappear at this time in some areas and places. It is crystal clear that there is no special caution from other Javanese people, especially government, in trying to preserve them. Not only government, but also the parents and the elders should take part in this case. Javanese languages should be passed on from generation to the other. Even, it is not strange when the parental generation speaks the Javanese language, they do not often pass it on to their children. Therefore, in an increasing number of cases, Javanese languages are used only by elders. Actually, the loss of some Javanese languages can be caused by some factors, such as irresistible social, political, and economic pressures. In this matter, the relationship and the cooperation between a language planning, language policy, language rights and language education are needed to prevent this phenomena. They are used as vehicles for promoting and perpetuating the vitality, versatility, and stability of Javanese languages. Creating and arranging a better language planning and a better language policy are important to do in Indonesia right now to protect Indonesian language and Indigenous languages, especially Javanese languages. It is, of course, also supported by developing and paying attention to the language rights. Moreover, focusing on language in education for children and young people is a best way to start preserving Javanese languages. Including Javanese children and youth in this discussion on language and education is befitting and appropriate. It needs to know that education in classroom and school areas have also the potential of saving and reviving Javanese languages which are at the brink of extinction. The non-recognition and the prohibition of the use of Javanese languages in the education and work place has impacted the lives of many Javanese people, it has affected them from childhood to adulthood, in the creation of their identity and development of their communities. Education world, in classroom and school areas, which was used as an instrument of assimilation of some languages in Indonesia, especially in Central Java, has impacted in the Javanese languages. Therefore, applying code switching and code mixing in teaching English in classroom should be offered to Javanese people, but also to all students who stay in Java island, as a means of combating prejudices and discrimination and promoting inclusive and respectful societies, is better step to do. However, in order to make it real, the cooperation and the seriousness of government, Javanese people, parents, elders, teachers, and even lecturers must be created in Indonesia, especially in Central Java. It is better for government to make a decision explicitly in keeping and preserving Javanese languages from the extinction through teaching activities in classroom and school areas as the basic formal activity. Keywords : Code mixing, code switching, indigenous languages, Javanes

LEXICAL MEANING AND ITS LOSS, GAIN, AND SKEWING OF INFORMATION IN TRANSLATION

Every word in a culture can be expressed in another. However, some concepts of meaning in the source language do not have lexical equivalents in the target language due to thedifference of the two cultures which are not in the same families. The study aims to present the equivalence of the lexical items which are unknown in the target language. Descriptive qualitative methods will be used to describe the lexicalcultural gap of expressions in a novel Mirror Image which was translated in Belahan Jiwa. Three approaches; Reference Theory, Componential Analysis, and Meaning postulatesused to compare and contrast the semantic features of a lexical meaning concept.. Meanwhile, Knowledge-Based Theory utilized to describe the loss / gain of the semanticfeatures and changes of the linguistic forms in translation. It was found in this study that either loss or gain of information in translation was due to the difference of two linguistic systems, cultures, and changes of linguistic formwere due to translator preference

Classifying Amharic News Text Using Self-Organizing Maps

The paper addresses using artificial neural networks for classification of Amharic news items. Amharic is the language for countrywide communication in Ethiopia and has its own writing system containing extensive systematic redundancy. It is quite dialectally diversified and probably representative of the languages of a continent that so far has received little attention within the language processing field. The experiments investigated document clustering around user queries using Self-Organizing Maps, an unsupervised learning neural network strategy. The best ANN model showed a precision of 60.0% when trying to cluster unseen data, and a 69.5% precision when trying to classify it