467 research outputs found
A Survey on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis
Deep learning algorithms, in particular convolutional networks, have rapidly
become a methodology of choice for analyzing medical images. This paper reviews
the major deep learning concepts pertinent to medical image analysis and
summarizes over 300 contributions to the field, most of which appeared in the
last year. We survey the use of deep learning for image classification, object
detection, segmentation, registration, and other tasks and provide concise
overviews of studies per application area. Open challenges and directions for
future research are discussed.Comment: Revised survey includes expanded discussion section and reworked
introductory section on common deep architectures. Added missed papers from
before Feb 1st 201
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A multi-center milestone study of clinical vertebral CT segmentation
A multiple center milestone study of clinical vertebra segmentation is presented in this paper. Vertebra segmentation is a fundamental step for spinal image analysis and intervention. The first half of the study was conducted in the spine segmentation challenge in 2014 International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) Workshop on Computational Spine Imaging (CSI 2014). The objective was to evaluate the performance of several state-of-the-art vertebra segmentation algorithms on computed tomography (CT) scans using ten training and five testing dataset, all healthy cases; the second half of the study was conducted after the challenge, where additional 5 abnormal cases are used for testing to evaluate the performance under abnormal cases. Dice coefficients and absolute surface distances were used as evaluation metrics. Segmentation of each vertebra as a single geometric unit, as well as separate segmentation of vertebra substructures, was evaluated. Five teams participated in the comparative study. The top performers in the study achieved Dice coefficient of 0.93 in the upper thoracic, 0.95 in the lower thoracic and 0.96 in the lumbar spine for healthy cases, and 0.88 in the upper thoracic, 0.89 in the lower thoracic and 0.92 in the lumbar spine for osteoporotic and fractured cases. The strengths and weaknesses of each method as well as future suggestion for improvement are discussed. This is the first multi-center comparative study for vertebra segmentation methods, which will provide an up-to-date performance milestone for the fast growing spinal image analysis and intervention
IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR SPINE SURGERY: DATA-DRIVEN DETECTION OF SPINE INSTRUMENTATION & AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL SPINAL ALIGNMENT
Spine surgery is a therapeutic modality for treatment of spine disorders, including spinal deformity, degeneration, and trauma. Such procedures benefit from accurate localization of surgical targets, precise delivery of instrumentation, and reliable validation of surgical objectives – for example, confirming that the surgical implants are delivered as planned and desired changes to the global spinal alignment (GSA) are achieved. Recent advances in surgical navigation have helped to improve the accuracy and precision of spine surgery, including intraoperative imaging integrated with real-time tracking and surgical robotics. This thesis aims to develop two methods for improved image-guided surgery using image analytic techniques. The first provides a means for automatic detection of pedicle screws in intraoperative radiographs – for example, to streamline intraoperative assessment of implant placement. The algorithm achieves a precision and recall of 0.89 and 0.91, respectively, with localization accuracy within ~10 mm. The second develops two algorithms for automatic assessment of GSA in computed tomography (CT) or cone-beam CT (CBCT) images, providing a means to quantify changes in spinal curvature and reduce the variability in GSA measurement associated with manual methods. The algorithms demonstrate GSA estimates with 93.8% of measurements within a 95% confidence interval of manually defined truth. Such methods support the goals of safe, effective spine surgery and provide a means for more quantitative intraoperative quality assurance. In turn, the ability to quantitatively assess instrument placement and changes in GSA could represent important elements of retrospective analysis of large image datasets, improved clinical decision support, and improved patient outcomes
Automated Distinct Bone Segmentation from Computed Tomography Images using Deep Learning
Large-scale CT scans are frequently performed for forensic and diagnostic purposes, to plan and
direct surgical procedures, and to track the development of bone-related diseases. This often
involves radiologists who have to annotate bones manually or in a semi-automatic way, which is
a time consuming task. Their annotation workload can be reduced by automated segmentation
and detection of individual bones. This automation of distinct bone segmentation not only has
the potential to accelerate current workflows but also opens up new possibilities for processing
and presenting medical data for planning, navigation, and education.
In this thesis, we explored the use of deep learning for automating the segmentation of all
individual bones within an upper-body CT scan. To do so, we had to find a network architec-
ture that provides a good trade-off between the problem’s high computational demands and the
results’ accuracy. After finding a baseline method and having enlarged the dataset, we set out
to eliminate the most prevalent types of error. To do so, we introduced an novel method called
binary-prediction-enhanced multi-class (BEM) inference, separating the task into two: Distin-
guishing bone from non-bone is conducted separately from identifying the individual bones.
Both predictions are then merged, which leads to superior results. Another type of error is tack-
led by our developed architecture, the Sneaky-Net, which receives additional inputs with larger
fields of view but at a smaller resolution. We can thus sneak more extensive areas of the input
into the network while keeping the growth of additional pixels in check.
Overall, we present a deep-learning-based method that reliably segments most of the over
one hundred distinct bones present in upper-body CT scans in an end-to-end trained matter
quickly enough to be used in interactive software. Our algorithm has been included in our
groups virtual reality medical image visualisation software SpectoVR with the plan to be used
as one of the puzzle piece in surgical planning and navigation, as well as in the education of
future doctors
Estimation of skeletal kinematics in freely moving rodents
Forming a complete picture of the relationship between neural activity and skeletal kinematics requires quantification of skeletal joint biomechanics during free behavior; however, without detailed knowledge of the underlying skeletal motion, inferring limb kinematics using surface-tracking approaches is difficult, especially for animals where the relationship between the surface and underlying skeleton changes during motion. Here we developed a videography-based method enabling detailed three-dimensional kinematic quantification of an anatomically defined skeleton in untethered freely behaving rats and mice. This skeleton-based model was constrained using anatomical principles and joint motion limits and provided skeletal pose estimates for a range of body sizes, even when limbs were occluded. Model-inferred limb positions and joint kinematics during gait and gap-crossing behaviors were verified by direct measurement of either limb placement or limb kinematics using inertial measurement units. Together we show that complex decision-making behaviors can be accurately reconstructed at the level of skeletal kinematics using our anatomically constrained model
Automatic segmentation of the spine by means of a probabilistic atlas with a special focus on ribs suppression
[EN] Purpose: The development of automatic and reliable algorithms for the detection and segmentation
of the vertebrae are of great importance prior to any diagnostic task. However, an important problem
found to accurately segment the vertebrae is the presence of the ribs in the thoracic region. To overcome
this problem, a probabilistic atlas of the spine has been developed dealing with the proximity
of other structures, with a special focus on ribs suppression.
Methods: The data sets used consist of Computed Tomography images corresponding to 21 patients
suffering from spinal metastases. Two methods have been combined to obtain the final result: firstly,
an initial segmentation is performed using a fully automatic level-set method; secondly, to refine the
initial segmentation, a 3D volume indicating the probability of each voxel of belonging to the spine
has been developed. In this way, a probability map is generated and deformed to be adapted to each
testing case.
Results: To validate the improvement obtained after applying the atlas, the Dice coefficient (DSC),
the Hausdorff distance (HD), and the mean surface-to-surface distance (MSD) were used. The results
showed up an average of 10 mm of improvement accuracy in terms of HD, obtaining an overall final
average of 15.51 2.74 mm. Also, a global value of 91.01 3.18% in terms of DSC and a MSD of
0.66 0.25 mm were obtained. The major improvement using the atlas was achieved in the thoracic
region, as ribs were almost perfectly suppressed.
Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the atlas is able to detect and appropriately eliminate the
ribs while improving the segmentation accuracy.The authors thank the financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) and FEDER funds under Grants TEC2012-33778 and BFU2015-64380-C2-2-R (D.M.) and DPI2013-4572-R (J.D., E.D.)Ruiz-España, S.; Domingo, J.; DĂaz-Parra, A.; Dura, E.; D'ocon-Alcaniz, V.; Arana, E.; Moratal, D. (2017). Automatic segmentation of the spine by means of a probabilistic atlas with a special focus on ribs suppression. Medical Physics. 44(9):4695-4707. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.12431S46954707449Harris, R. I., & Macnab, I. (1954). STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE LUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume, 36-B(2), 304-322. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.36b2.304Oliveira, M. F. de, Rotta, J. M., & Botelho, R. V. (2015). Survival analysis in patients with metastatic spinal disease: the influence of surgery, histology, clinical and neurologic status. 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An improved level set method for vertebra CT image segmentation. BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 12(1), 48. doi:10.1186/1475-925x-12-48Lim, P. H., Bagci, U., & Bai, L. (2013). Introducing Willmore Flow Into Level Set Segmentation of Spinal Vertebrae. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 60(1), 115-122. doi:10.1109/tbme.2012.2225833Forsberg, D., Lundström, C., Andersson, M., & Knutsson, H. (2013). Model-based registration for assessment of spinal deformities in idiopathic scoliosis. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 59(2), 311-326. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/59/2/311Yao, J., Burns, J. E., Forsberg, D., Seitel, A., Rasoulian, A., Abolmaesumi, P., … Li, S. (2016). A multi-center milestone study of clinical vertebral CT segmentation. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 49, 16-28. doi:10.1016/j.compmedimag.2015.12.006Shi, C., Wang, J., & Cheng, Y. (2015). Sparse Representation-Based Deformation Model for Atlas-Based Segmentation of Liver CT Images. 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Shape/image registration for medical imaging : novel algorithms and applications.
This dissertation looks at two different categories of the registration approaches: Shape registration, and Image registration. It also considers the applications of these approaches into the medical imaging field. Shape registration is an important problem in computer vision, computer graphics and medical imaging. It has been handled in different manners in many applications like shapebased segmentation, shape recognition, and tracking. Image registration is the process of overlaying two or more images of the same scene taken at different times, from different viewpoints, and/or by different sensors. Many image processing applications like remote sensing, fusion of medical images, and computer-aided surgery need image registration. This study deals with two different applications in the field of medical image analysis. The first one is related to shape-based segmentation of the human vertebral bodies (VBs). The vertebra consists of the VB, spinous, and other anatomical regions. Spinous pedicles, and ribs should not be included in the bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. The VB segmentation is not an easy task since the ribs have similar gray level information. This dissertation investigates two different segmentation approaches. Both of them are obeying the variational shape-based segmentation frameworks. The first approach deals with two dimensional (2D) case. This segmentation approach starts with obtaining the initial segmentation using the intensity/spatial interaction models. Then, shape model is registered to the image domain. Finally, the optimal segmentation is obtained using the optimization of an energy functional which integrating the shape model with the intensity information. The second one is a 3D simultaneous segmentation and registration approach. The information of the intensity is handled by embedding a Willmore flow into the level set segmentation framework. Then the shape variations are estimated using a new distance probabilistic model. The experimental results show that the segmentation accuracy of the framework are much higher than other alternatives. Applications on BMD measurements of vertebral body are given to illustrate the accuracy of the proposed segmentation approach. The second application is related to the field of computer-aided surgery, specifically on ankle fusion surgery. The long-term goal of this work is to apply this technique to ankle fusion surgery to determine the proper size and orientation of the screws that are used for fusing the bones together. In addition, we try to localize the best bone region to fix these screws. To achieve these goals, the 2D-3D registration is introduced. The role of 2D-3D registration is to enhance the quality of the surgical procedure in terms of time and accuracy, and would greatly reduce the need for repeated surgeries; thus, saving the patients time, expense, and trauma
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