11,826 research outputs found
A Hybrid Approach to Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning
Federated learning facilitates the collaborative training of models without
the sharing of raw data. However, recent attacks demonstrate that simply
maintaining data locality during training processes does not provide sufficient
privacy guarantees. Rather, we need a federated learning system capable of
preventing inference over both the messages exchanged during training and the
final trained model while ensuring the resulting model also has acceptable
predictive accuracy. Existing federated learning approaches either use secure
multiparty computation (SMC) which is vulnerable to inference or differential
privacy which can lead to low accuracy given a large number of parties with
relatively small amounts of data each. In this paper, we present an alternative
approach that utilizes both differential privacy and SMC to balance these
trade-offs. Combining differential privacy with secure multiparty computation
enables us to reduce the growth of noise injection as the number of parties
increases without sacrificing privacy while maintaining a pre-defined rate of
trust. Our system is therefore a scalable approach that protects against
inference threats and produces models with high accuracy. Additionally, our
system can be used to train a variety of machine learning models, which we
validate with experimental results on 3 different machine learning algorithms.
Our experiments demonstrate that our approach out-performs state of the art
solutions
Does GPS supervision of intimate partner violence defendants reduce pretrial misconduct? Evidence from a quasi-experimental study
Objectives
This research examines the effect global positioning system (GPS) technology supervision has on pretrial misconduct for defendants facing intimate partner violence charges.
Methods
Drawing on data from one pretrial services division, a retrospective quasi-experimental design was constructed to examine failure to appear to court, failure to appear to meetings with pretrial services, and rearrest outcomes between defendants ordered to pretrial GPS supervision and a comparison group of defendants ordered to pretrial supervision without the use of monitoring technology. Cox regression models were used to assess differences between quasi-experimental conditions. To enhance internal validity and mitigate model dependence, we utilized and compared results across four counterfactual comparison groups (propensity score matching, Mahalanobis distance matching, inverse probability of treatment weighting, and marginal mean weighting through stratification).
Results
Pretrial GPS supervision was no more or less effective than traditional, non-technology based pretrial supervision in reducing the risk of failure to appear to court or the risk of rearrest. GPS supervision did reduce the risk of failing to appear to meetings with pretrial services staff.
Conclusions
The results suggest that GPS supervision may hold untapped case management benefits for pretrial probation officers, a pragmatic focus that may be overshadowed by efforts to mitigate the risk of pretrial misconduct. Further, the results contribute to ongoing discussions on bail reform, pretrial practice, and the movement to reduce local jail populations. Although the cost savings are not entirely clear, relatively higher risk defendants can be managed in the community and produce outcomes that are comparable to other defendants. The results also call into question the ability of matching procedures to construct appropriate counterfactuals in an era where risk assessment informs criminal justice decision-making. Weighting techniques outperformed matching strategies
Mathematical Achievement in Eighth Grade: Interstate and Racial Differences
The 1992 eighth grade mathematics test of the National Assessment of Educational Progress reveals a low average level of achievement, wide variation across states, and a large difference in average scores of white and black students. Multiple regression analysis across states indicates that the characteristics of children (such as readiness to learn in kindergarten) and of the households in which they live (such as mother's education) have much larger effects of NAEP test scores than do variables (such as the student/teacher ratio) that measure school characteristics. White-black differences in the levels of child and household variables account for much of the white- black difference in NAEP test scores.
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