Implementation of FPGA in the Design of Embedded Systems

The use of FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) and configurable processors is an interesting new phenomenon in embedded development. FPGAs offer all of the features needed to implement most complex designs. Clock management is facilitated by on-chip PLL (phase-locked loop) or DLL (delay-locked loop) circuitry. Dedicated memory blocks can be configured as basic single-port RAMs, ROMs, FIFOs, or CAMs. Data processing, as embodied in the devices’ logic fabric, varies widely. The ability to link the FPGA with backplanes, high-speed buses, and memories is afforded by support for various single ended and differential I/O standards. Also found on today’s FPGAs are system-building resources such as high speed serial I/Os, arithmetic modules, embedded processors, and large amounts of memory. Here in our project we have tried to implement such powerful FPGAs in the design of possible embedded systems that can be designed, burned and deployed at the site of operation for handling of many kinds of applications. In our project we have basically dealt with two of such applications –one the prioritized traffic light controller and other a speech encrypting and decrypting system

Parallel Processing for VLSI CAD Applications a Tutorial

Coordinated Science Laboratory was formerly known as Control Systems LaboratorySemiconductor Research CorporationAuthor's name appears in front matter as Prithviraj Banerje

Metodologia Per la Caratterizzazione di amplificatori a basso rumore per UMTS

In questo lavoro si presenta una metodologia di progettazione elettronica a livello di sistema, affrontando il problema della caratterizzazione dello spazio di progetto dell' amplificatore a basso rumore costituente il primo stadio di un front end a conversione diretta per UMTS realizzato in tecnologia CMOS con lunghezza di canale .18u. La metodologia è sviluppata al fine di valutare in modo quantititativo le specifiche ottime di sistema per il front-end stesso e si basa sul concetto di Piattaforma Analogica, che prevede la costruzione di un modello di prestazioni per il blocco analogico basato su campionamento statistico di indici di prestazioni del blocco stesso, misurati tramite simulazione di dimensionamenti dei componenti attivi e passivi soddisfacenti un set di equazioni specifico della topologia circuitale. Gli indici di prestazioni vengono successivamente ulizzati per parametrizzare modelli comportamentali utilizzati nelle fasi di ottimizzazione a livello di sistema. Modelli comportamentali atti a rappresentare i sistemi RF sono stati pertanto studiati per ottimizzare la scelta delle metriche di prestazioni. L'ottimizzazione dei set di equazioni atti a selezionare le configurazione di interesse per il campionamento ha al tempo stesso richiesto l'approfondimento dei modelli di dispositivi attivi validi in tutte le regioni di funzionamento, e lo studio dettagliato della progettazione degli amplificatori a basso rumore basati su degenerazione induttiva. Inoltre, il problema della modellizzazione a livello di sistema degli effetti della comunicazione tra LNA e Mixer è stato affrontato proponendo e analizzando diverse soluzioni. Il lavoro ha permesso di condurre un'ottimizzazione del front-end UMTS, giungendo a specifiche ottime a livello di sistema per l'amplificatore stesso

Optically Driven PH Gradient Generator Based on Self-Assembled Proton Pumps for Activating Hydrogel Microactuators

This dissertation presents a new approach for developing a biologically inspired photo-electro-chemo-mechanical microactuator by exploiting the ion pumping characteristics of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) proton pumps and the pH sensitivity of smart hydrogels. The ultimate goal of this project is to prove the viability of integrating bR monolayer into novel actuation applications using molecular level architectures. To accomplish this, the bR proton pumps are molecularly labelled, organized, and directionally immobilized on Au-coated substrate, and then integrated with pH sensitive hydrogel. When responding to an incident light beams, the internal proton pumping mechanism is mathematically modeled for quantifying the processing of the photonic energy into electro-chemical potential. Experimental and theoretical findings indicate that the photo-electric response of the dry bR is attributed to charge displacement and recombination; whereas, the response of the aqueous bR measured is a real proton pumping mechanism. The photo-electric properties, light source conditions all have influence on the observed photo-electric response characteristics. The presented technology is proven both experimentally and analytically through simulation. Experiments are conducted using acrylic acid (AA) monomer linked to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomer and the developed bR monolayer forming this hybrid microactuator. The light detecting part of the actuator is the bR monolayer. In this part the incident light beams are processed in the bR proton pumps through their photo-cycle to transport protons from the cytoplasmic side to the extracellular side of the bR protein. The bR monolayer is fabricated with molecular level recognition, labelling, and adsorption leading to a novel architecture able to transport protons through a porous substrate. Once protons are transported from one side to the other side of the membrane, the concentration of the hydrogen ions is changed. The change in the hydrogen ions concentration is expected theoretically and has been proved by monitoring pH changes in the ionic solution as pH gives direct indication on the hydrogen ions concentration. The change in the pH is exploited by integrating the light detecting part of the actuator to the pH-sensitive hydrogel which acts as the actuator shell that receives the pH changes and treat it as an input signal and then process it to undergo in an electric phase transition that leads to volume transition and associated mechanical work. The generated mechanical work is exploited in microactuation techniques with interest in microfluidic valves to control the flow in the microchannels. Based on the presented work the bR monolayer shows great potential for becoming a viable biomaterial for use in optical sensing and actuation. Many industrial and biomedical applications may benefit from the presented advances in generating higher performance micro-systems

Simulation and control engineering studies of NASA-Ames 40 foot by 80 foot/80 foot by 120 foot wind tunnels

The development and use of a digital computer simulation of the proposed wind tunnel facility is described. The feasibility of automatic control of wind tunnel airspeed and other parameters was examined. Specifications and implementation recommendations for a computer based automatic control and monitoring system are presented

Interconnection of solar power to the grid through the power plant auxiliary system.

M. Sc. Eng. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2015.In this thesis, an improved mathematical model based on classical equations and control approach for the photovoltaic system is developed and implemented using a pulse width modulation as the interfacing. The functionality of the developed model with the inclusion of a maximum power point tracking is verified against the generic model in Power Factory library which is constrained by assumptions, such as: no maximum power point tracking and uses static generator as the interfacing converter but gives an acceptable basic understanding of photovoltaic operation. The new improved mathematical model characterizes the solar cell with sufficient degree of precision with a percentage error of 0.03% measured in comparison with experimental data. The developed photovoltaic system under established control fulfils the operational requirements for a grid-connected photovoltaic system according to the South African Grid Code. Based on the developed mathematical model, various studies are performed, such as: steady-state and transient analysis to ascertain the impact of photovoltaic system integration with the power station reticulation system. The effects are analyzed with the photovoltaic system connected on the 11 kV bus bar which is the closest point to the generator to simulate an extreme circumstance. Case studies to demonstrate the photovoltaic effect on the reticulation system are evaluated for voltage stability and local generator behavior. Apparent features of the photovoltaic system such as the rapid power variation due to atmospheric changes (irradiance and temperature), tripping the photovoltaic system and simulating an electrical fault are implemented with various photovoltaic penetration levels. The results provided practical insight on the feasibility of interconnecting photovoltaic system to power station auxiliary network. Results illustrated at steady state the benefits of the generation capacity to be reduced relatively to photovoltaic penetration level and reactive power control which assist in supporting voltage during voltage dips at the point of connection and lastly the photovoltaic inverter presented the ability to limits/control fault current to about 1.5 p.u. which is lower than the 4 - 10 p.u. fault current typically caused by rotating machines. Transient studies discovered that the changes in atmospheric conditions do not impose stability threats but increased photovoltaic penetration level will increases the risk of generator becoming unstable during abnormal situations

DoubleMod and SingleMod: Simple Randomized Secret-Key Encryption with Bounded Homomorphicity

An encryption relation f Z Z with decryption function f 1 is “group-homomorphic” if, for any suitable plaintexts x1 and x2, x1+x2 = f 1( f (x1)+f (x2)). It is “ring-homomorphic” if furthermore x1x2 = f 1( f (x1) f (x2)); it is “field-homomorphic” if furthermore 1=x1 = f 1( f (1=x1)). Such relations would support oblivious processing of encrypted data. We propose a simple randomized encryption relation f over the integers, called DoubleMod, which is “bounded ring-homomorphic” or what some call ”somewhat homomorphic.” Here, “bounded” means that the number of additions and multiplications that can be performed, while not allowing the encrypted values to go out of range, is limited (any pre-specified bound on the operation-count can be accommodated). Let R be any large integer. For any plaintext x 2 ZR, DoubleMod encrypts x as f (x) = x + au + bv, where a and b are randomly chosen integers in some appropriate interval, while (u; v) is the secret key. Here u > R2 is a large prime and the smallest prime factor of v exceeds u. With knowledge of the key, but not of a and b, the receiver decrypts the ciphertext by computing f 1(y) = (y mod v) mod u. DoubleMod generalizes an independent idea of van Dijk et al. 2010. We present and refine a new CCA1 chosen-ciphertext attack that finds the secret key of both systems (ours and van Dijk et al.’s) in linear time in the bit length of the security parameter. Under a known-plaintext attack, breaking DoubleMod is at most as hard as solving the Approximate GCD (AGCD) problem. The complexity of AGCD is not known. We also introduce the SingleMod field-homomorphic cryptosystems. The simplest SingleMod system based on the integers can be broken trivially. We had hoped, that if SingleMod is implemented inside non-Euclidean quadratic or higher-order fields with large discriminants, where GCD computations appear di cult, it may be feasible to achieve a desired level of security. We show, however, that a variation of our chosen-ciphertext attack works against SingleMod even in non-Euclidean fields