4 research outputs found

    Using Therbligs to embed intelligence in workpieces for digital assistive assembly

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    Current OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) facilities tend to be highly integrated and are often situated on one site. While providing scale of production such centralisation may create barriers to the achievement of fully flexible, adaptable, and reconfigurable factories. The advent of Industry 4.0 opens up opportunities to address these barriers by decentralising information and decision-making in manufacturing systems through CPS (Cyber Physical Systems) use. This research presents a qualitative study that investigates the possibility of distributing information and decision-making logic into โ€˜smart workpiecesโ€™ which can actively participate in assembly operations. To validate the concept, a use-case demonstrator, corresponding to the assembly of a โ€˜flat-packโ€™ table, was explored. Assembly parts in the demonstrator, were equipped with computation, networking, and interaction capabilities. Ten participants were invited to evaluate the smart assembly method and compare its results to the traditional assembly method. The results showed that in its current configuration the smart assembly was slower. However, it made the assembly process more flexible, adaptable and reconfigurable

    Diseรฑo de investigaciรณn para optimizaciรณn de tiempos de atenciรณn en el canal de autoservicio de una cadena de restaurantes de comida china

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    Definir un plan para la reducciรณn del tiempo de atenciรณn e incrementar la cantidad de รณrdenes en el canal de autoservicio de una cadena de restaurantes de comida china en Guatemala, a travรฉs de un estudio de tiempos y movimientos. Diseรฑar la distribuciรณn adecuada de mobiliario y equipo que reduzca el tiempo de preparaciรณn y entrega de รณrdenes en el canal de autoservicio

    from Issue Investigation to Design Solutions

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์œค๋ช…ํ™˜.๊ฐ€์ „์ œํ’ˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์— ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์™€ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์ง€์› ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ น ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜œํƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ๋น„์žฅ์• ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ’์š”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์€ ๋ณต์žก๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ–ฅ๋˜์–ด ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ น ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋‚ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์ง€์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฒˆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์ƒ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๊บผ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์†Œํ†ต์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋‚˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฐ„์— ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ƒ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ณ ๋ น์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ น ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์˜คํ•ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆํŽธ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์™€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ „์ œํ’ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํผ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ์žฅ์• (์ „๋งน, ์ €์‹œ๋ ฅ), ์ฒญ๊ฐ์žฅ์• (๋†์•„, ์ธ๊ณต ์™€์šฐ), ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์žฅ์• (์ฃผ๋จน ์ฅ” ์†, ํŽด์ง„ ์†), ๊ณ ๋ น์ž(ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€) ํผ์†Œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํผ์†Œ๋‚˜ ์นด๋“œ์˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋ฉด๋Œ€๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ น ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ„๊ณ„์  ์ž‘์—…๋ถ„์„(Hierarchical Task Analysis; HTA)์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ „์ œํ’ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ž‘์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ž‘์—… ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„œ๋ธ”๋ฆญ(Therblig)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ธ”๋ฆญ์€ ๊ฐ€์ „์ œํ’ˆ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋งž๋„๋ก ์žฌ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ตฐ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ธ”๋ฆญ์ด ํŒŒ์•…๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์ž‘๊ฒฝ์ œ ์›์น™์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ์„ ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์ž‘๊ฒฝ์ œ์›์น™์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๊ณผ ์„ค๊ณ„์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์•ˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ด€ ์ง€์–ด ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์„ ๋œ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด, ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ํฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ 5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ํ‘œ์ค€๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ น ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์šฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ์‹ค์ œ์  ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณตํ•™์  ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹ค ์ ์šฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ ธ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์žฅ์• ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ผ๊ณฑ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 14๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ฐ€์ „์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์— ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋ณด์žฅ ์ œํ’ˆ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์‹œ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ์งธ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์žฅ์• , ์ฒญ๊ฐ์žฅ์• , ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์žฅ์• ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ํผ์†Œ๋‚˜ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์„ค ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ œํ’ˆ โ€“ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ€์ „์ œํ’ˆ โ€“ ์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Modern-day technologies - including home appliances - deliver benefits to our lives yet the lack of accessibility supports from the manufacturers and designers have forsaken a considerable number of elderly and disabled people. Unlike how the development and advancement with a variety of new functions and features enriched the quality of life for non-disabled users, it only degraded the user experience for the elderlies and disabled users since such functions and features come along with the increased complexity, which hinders not only the accessible use but also the independent use of a disabled or elderly user. Collecting user experience from the users in need of accessibility support is much more troublesome than one might think. The users may be reluctant to provide their user experience for sensitive privacy reasons, may not be in the appropriate physical conditions for interviews or surveys, or even have communication problems. Such barriers between the stakeholder and the target users do not allow the stakeholders to fully understand and define the problems these users confront every day; simply, impossible to build empathy. The lack of empathy breeds misconceptions on the elderly and disabled users, created by misinterpretation of the usersโ€™ experiences since the stakeholders have never experienced what it is like to be a disabled or elderly user. Even if manufacturers and designers who oversee developing accessible products recognize the needs and frustrations of the disabled population, it is challenging or even inaccessible for them to address these issues of their target customers. In Chapter 3, based on the interview and observation data, this study developed eight personas for four different types of disabled users under the context of home appliance usage: visually impaired (blind and low-vision), hearing impaired (deaf and cochlear implemented), spinal cord injured (opened palm and closed fist), and elderly (grandma and grandpa). Each persona provides their accessibility issues through a persona card and scenario-like explanation. Personas created in this study will help manufacturers and designers empathize with their users although they did not meet the real users face-to-face. Moreover, stakeholders need a tool to investigate how their users in need of accessibility support behave differently from non-disabled users, which provides a deeper understanding of the usersโ€™ perspectives in terms of โ€œinteraction.โ€ In Chapter 4, this study conducted Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) and created general task structures of home appliances based on their product compartment and chronological usage phase. This task structure visualizes the user behavior. Combined with the task structure, therbligs expressed the user task on a micro-scale. Therbligs were redefined to fit the home appliance context and, if found problematic, there was the principle of motion economy to provide design guidance to solve the problems of corresponding therbligs. Moreover, the principle of motion economy is valuable because it reduces the burden of a researcher to convert a task-oriented problem found in terms of user behavior into a design-oriented solution. Lastly, in Chapter 5, a design guideline is developed by collecting existing standards and guidelines. Existing standards and documents related to accessibility lack a detailed explanation of real-world application, although the documentations provide various numerical values related to designs. The numbers are not directly implementable since the context-of-use of elderly or disabled users may vary by their capability, environment, and basically by the form factor of the products they use. Lower the expertise in ergonomics and accessibility less valuable the standards and guidelines will be to implement in a product design. With the design guideline developed and ideas collected from an ideation workshop, a total of seven prototypes were built. A total of 14 participants evaluated the prototype whether it enhanced the accessibility of target home appliances or not. As a result, most prototypes successfully improved the accessibility and approved the validity of design guidelines. This procedure as a case study will provide how to implement the principles and dimensional values found in the existing standards and guidelines when developing an accessible product. Overall, this study applied a whole product development cycle to breakthrough the barriers of accessibility problems and proposes it as a set of novel approaches for accessibility issues resolution based on the perspectives of universal design so that a user can freely and safely use their products โ€“ especially home appliances โ€“ regardless of their disability or age.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Accessibility Barriers 1 1.1.1 Barriers for Users 1 1.1.2 Barriers for Stakeholders 3 1.2 Research Objectives and Study Outline 12 Chapter 2 Background 15 2.1 Target Users and Products 15 2.1.1 Target Users 15 2.1.2 Target Home Appliances and Compartments 19 2.2 Definition of Accessibility 29 2.3 Design Approach 33 2.3.1 Accessible and Universal Design 33 Chapter 3 Persona to Investigate the Accessibility Issues of Disabled and Elderly Users Under the Context of Home Appliances Usage 35 3.1 Overview 35 3.2 Methods 38 3.2.1 User Data Collection 38 3.2.2 Data Analysis for Personas 42 3.2.3 Persona Creation for Identifying Accessibility Issue 45 3.3 Persona Development 48 3.3.1 User Behaviors and Characteristics 48 3.3.2 Created Personas 53 3.4 Results and Discussion 59 3.4.1 Behaviors and Characteristics of Personas 60 3.4.2 Accessibility Issues from Personas 67 3.5 Probable Applications and Future Studies 77 Chapter 4 TAT: Therbligs as Accessibility Tool 82 4.1 Overview 82 4.1.1 Task Analysis 84 4.1.2 Therbligs and Motion Studies 86 4.1.3 Redefining Therbligs 89 4.1.4 Changes in the Principles of Motion Economy 95 4.2 Methods 102 4.2.1 Therblig-based Task Analysis 103 4.2.2 Task Evaluation 107 4.3 Results 109 4.3.1 General Task Structures 109 4.3.2 Accessibility Evaluation Results 116 4.4 Discussions 122 4.4.1 Problematic Therbligs and Related Principles of Motion Economy for Improvements 125 4.4.2 The Final Set of Therbligs for Accessibility Evaluation 133 4.4.3 New Task Design for Disabled and Elderly Users 139 4.5 Conclusion 142 Chapter 5 Accessible Home Appliance Designs : Prototyping and Design Guidelines 145 5.1 Overview 145 5.2 Ideation for accessible home appliances 148 5.2.1 Ideation Workshop 148 5.2.2 Ideation Result 153 5.3 Development of Design Guidelines and Prototypes 156 5.3.1 Design Guideline Principles 161 5.3.2 Prototyping 173 5.4 Experiment for validation 186 5.4.1 Evaluation Results 188 5.5 Discussion 197 5.6 Conclusion 201 Chapter 6 Conclusion 203 Bibliography 206 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 222 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 225 Acknowledgment 226 APPENDICES 227๋ฐ•

    Utilizing industry 4.0 on the construction site : challenges and opportunities

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    In recent years a step change has been seen in the rate of adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies by manufacturers and industrial organisations alike. This paper discusses the current state of the art in the adoption of industry 4.0 technologies within the construction industry. Increasing complexity in onsite construction projects coupled with the need for higher productivity is leading to increased interest in the potential use of industry 4.0 technologies. This paper discusses the relevance of the following key industry 4.0 technologies to construction: data analytics and artificial intelligence; robotics and automation; buildings information management; sensors and wearables; digital twin and industrial connectivity. Industrial connectivity is a key aspect as it ensures that all Industry 4.0 technologies are interconnected allowing the full benefits to be realized. This paper also presents a research agenda for the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies within the construction sector; a three-phase use of intelligent assets from the point of manufacture up to after build and a four staged R&D process for the implementation of smart wearables in a digital enhanced construction site
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