6,127 research outputs found

    Nanoantennas for visible and infrared radiation

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    Nanoantennas for visible and infrared radiation can strongly enhance the interaction of light with nanoscale matter by their ability to efficiently link propagating and spatially localized optical fields. This ability unlocks an enormous potential for applications ranging from nanoscale optical microscopy and spectroscopy over solar energy conversion, integrated optical nanocircuitry, opto-electronics and density-ofstates engineering to ultra-sensing as well as enhancement of optical nonlinearities. Here we review the current understanding of optical antennas based on the background of both well-developed radiowave antenna engineering and the emerging field of plasmonics. In particular, we address the plasmonic behavior that emerges due to the very high optical frequencies involved and the limitations in the choice of antenna materials and geometrical parameters imposed by nanofabrication. Finally, we give a brief account of the current status of the field and the major established and emerging lines of investigation in this vivid area of research.Comment: Review article with 76 pages, 21 figure

    Graphene Quantum Dot-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors for Biomedical Applications

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    In the area of biomedicine, research for designing electrochemical sensors has evolved over the past decade, since it is crucial to selectively quantify biomarkers or pathogens in clinical samples for the efficacious diagnosis and/or treatment of various diseases. To fulfil the demand of rapid, specific, economic, and easy detection of such biomolecules in ultralow amounts, numerous nanomaterials have been explored to effectively enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility of immunosensors. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have garnered tremendous attention in immunosensor development, owing to their special attributes such as large surface area, excellent biocompatibility, quantum confinement, edge effects, and abundant sites for chemical modification. Besides these distinct features, GQDs acquire peroxidase (POD)-mimicking electro-catalytic activity, and hence, they can replace horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-based systems to conduct facile, quick, and inexpensive label-free immunoassays. The chief motive of this review article is to summarize and focus on the recent advances in GQD-based electrochemical immunosensors for the early and rapid detection of cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and pathogenic diseases. Moreover, the underlying principles of electrochemical immunosensing techniques are also highlighted. These GQD immunosensors are ubiquitous in biomedical diagnosis and conducive for miniaturization, encouraging low-cost disease diagnostics in developing nations using point-of-care testing (POCT) and similar allusive techniques.TU Berlin, Open-Access-Mittel - 201

    Capacitance of Rough Surfaces

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    Miniature electrodes are in growing demand for applications such as medical sensing and alternative energy technologies. The potential for increasing the capacitance of such electrodes by roughening the surface was investigated, which may allow for further miniaturization. Although roughening the surface did increase the capacitance, nanometer-scale roughness seems to reduce the capacitor ideality. This indicates that the roughening techniques should increase micron-scale roughness while minimizing nanometer-scale roughness. Electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles was found to achieve this goal

    A study on possible interactions between biomolecules and nanoparticles

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    Along with the rapid growth of the nanotechnology, nanoparticles (NPs) have found many applications in commercial products. However, there are only a few studies on the toxicity and the environmental effects of NPs in biological systems. In the study described in this thesis, I have used water-soluble Au NPs that were synthesized using the Brust method and then modified by small molecules. I explored the interactions of these modified Au NPs with self-assembled monolayer films on gold surfaces.Three types of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modified gold surfaces were used in this study. The surfaces had SAMs that could be positively or negatively charged or carry no charge, or be able to engage in hydrogen bonding. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to characterize SAMs of disulfide-glycine conjugate, disulfide-aspartic conjugate, and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) on gold surface electrodes. The possible interactions of Au NPs with the disulfide-aminoacid conjugates and alkanethiol modified surfaces were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). An apparent decline in current density observed in CV along with an electron transfer resistance increase in EIS measurements upon exposure of the films to the MUA-modified anionic Au NPs clearly indicate interactions of the NPs with the films. Likewise, upon exposure of the films to cationic NPs, electron transfer resistance decreases dramatically in EIS experiments. In addition, the current increase in CV measurements provided further evidences for the interactions. The interactions between modified Au NPs and the SAMs were investigated in more detail by infrared spectroscopy and by employing quartz crystal microbalance. These studies clearly showed that upon exposure of these SAM films to the water-soluble Au NPs, significant changes occur. As would be expected for the adsorption of the Au NPs onto the SAMs, the weight of the film increased due to the addition of the NPs on the surface. Moreover, there are significant increases in the carbonyl stretching vibration at 1735 cm-1 along with the appearance of the amide hydrogen stretching band, between 3160-3380 cm-1, which indicate the adsorption of Gly-CSA modified Au NPs onto the MUA film

    Label-Free, Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Aptasensors Using Polymer-Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide for Cardiac Biomarker Detection

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    Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), also recognized as a ???heart attack,??? is one leading cause of death globally, and cardiac myoglobin (cMb), an important cardiac biomarker, is used for the early assessment of AMI. This paper presents an ultrasensitive, label-free electrochemical aptamer-based sensor (aptasensor) for cMb detection using polyethylenimine (PEI)-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (PEI???rGO) thin films. PEI, a cationic polymer, was used as a reducing agent for graphene oxide (GO), providing highly positive charges on the rGO surface and allowing direct immobilization of negatively charged single-strand DNA aptamers against cMb via electrostatic interaction without any linker or coupling chemistry. The presence of cMb was detected on Mb aptamer-modified electrodes using differential pulse voltammetry via measuring the current change due to the direct electron transfer between the electrodes and cMb proteins (Fe3+/Fe2+). The limits of detection were 0.97 pg mL???1 (phosphate-buffered saline) and 2.1 pg mL???1 (10-fold-diluted human serum), with a linear behavior with logarithmic cMb concentration. The specificity and reproducibility of the aptasensors were also examined. This electrochemical aptasensor using polymer-modified rGO shows potential for the early assessment of cMb in point-of-care testing applications

    Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots in Biomedical Sensors

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    Due to the proliferative cancer rates, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases and a plethora of infections across the globe, it is essential to introduce strategies that can rapidly and specifically detect the ultralow concentrations of relevant biomarkers, pathogens, toxins and pharmaceuticals in biological matrices. Considering these pathophysiologies, various research works have become necessary to fabricate biosensors for their early diagnosis and treatment, using nanomaterials like quantum dots (QDs). These nanomaterials effectively ameliorate the sensor performance with respect to their reproducibility, selectivity as well as sensitivity. In particular, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which are ideally graphene fragments of nanometer size, constitute discrete features such as acting as attractive fluorophores and excellent electro-catalysts owing to their photo-stability, water-solubility, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and lucrativeness that make them favorable candidates for a wide range of novel biomedical applications. Herein, we reviewed about 300 biomedical studies reported over the last five years which entail the state of art as well as some pioneering ideas with respect to the prominent role of GQDs, especially in the development of optical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors. Additionally, we outline the ideal properties of GQDs, their eclectic methods of synthesis, and the general principle behind several biosensing techniques.DFG, 428780268, Biomimetische Rezeptoren auf NanoMIP-Basis zur Virenerkennung und -entfernung mittels integrierter AnsÀtz

    Rational Strain Engineering in Delafossite Oxides for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis in Acidic Media

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    The rational design of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts which are competitive with platinum is an outstanding challenge to make power-to-gas technologies economically viable. Here, we introduce the delafossites PdCrO2_2, PdCoO2_2 and PtCoO2_2 as a new family of electrocatalysts for the HER in acidic media. We show that in PdCoO2_2 the inherently strained Pd metal sublattice acts as a pseudomorphic template for the growth of a strained (by +2.3%) Pd rich capping layer under reductive conditions. The surface modification continuously improves the electrocatalytic activity by simultaneously increasing the exchange current density j0_0 from 2 to 5 mA/cmgeo2^2_{geo} and by reducing the Tafel slope down to 38 mV/decade, leading to overpotentials η10\eta_{10} < 15 mV for 10 mA/cmgeo2^2_{geo}, superior to bulk platinum. The greatly improved activity is attributed to the in-situ stabilization of a ÎČ\beta-palladium hydride phase with drastically enhanced surface catalytic properties with respect to pure or nanostructured palladium. These findings illustrate how operando induced electrodissolution can be used as a top-down design concept for rational surface and property engineering through the strain-stabilized formation of catalytically active phases

    Detection of Specific Biological Antigens using AC Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

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    When certain antigens are present in our environment, a rapid, on-site, accurate, selective, and repeatable detection method can be invaluable in preventing illness or saving lives. Rapid detection of these antigens is important to avert spreading infections. Currently, capturing a sample and sending it to a laboratory can take weeks to get results, which can be much too long. Conventional sensing methodologies include various electrical measurements as capacitive, potentiometric, piezoelectric, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Of particular power and interest is Alternating Current (AC) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) which provides for the characterization of the electrical properties of many biological interfaces without biological destruction or interference. The application of unique detection techniques of the latter, in this dissertation, resulted in high selectivity and sensitivity even with the presence of non-specific contaminants. Prior to this work, the measurement media was a liquid. However, a particularly formidable task has remained of detection of unlabeled antigens in air. EIS, a powerful technique for identifying electrode surface molecular reactions by measuring the electrical characteristics of the resultants over a frequency spectrum, was employed to detect impedance changes at the formation of an antibody-antigen conjugate. A new gel was developed capable of keeping antibodies active for extended periods of time, and also capturing antigens from the air. Another development was attaching the self-assembling monolayer, 3-MPTS (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane, onto gold nanopdissertations to create a unique active electrode. The primary purpose of this dissertation work was to prove the concept of being able to capture a specific (to the antibody) antigen in the air, conjugate it with a specially coated non-dry electrode, and rapidly characterize the reaction with EIS. This work was the first to successfully accomplish this detection task utilizing a novel colloidal gold nanopdissertation electrode, an active antibody, IgG, and a novel modified hydrogel
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