The health consequences of involuntary smoking : a report of the Surgeon General, 1986

This, the 1986 Report of the Surgeon General, is the U.S. Public Health Service's 18th in the health consequences of smoking series and the 5th issued during my tenure as Surgeon General. Previous Reports have documented the tremendous health burden to society from smoking, particularly cigarette smoking. The evidence establishing cigarette smoking as the single largest preventable cause of premature death and disability in the United States is overwhelming-totaling more than 50,000 studies from dozens of cultures. Smoking is now known to be causally related to a variety of cancers in addition to lung cancer; it is a cause of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease, and is the major cause of chronic obstructive lung disease. It is estimated that smoking is responsible for well over 800,000 deaths annually in the United States, representing approximately 15 percent of all mortality. Thirty years ago, however, the scientific evidence linking smoking with early death and disability was more limited. By 1964, the year the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General issued the first report on smoking and health, a substantial body of evidence had accumulated upon which a judgment could be made that smoking was a cause of disease in active smokers. Subsequent reports over the last 20 years have expanded our understanding and knowledge about smoking behavior, the toxicity and carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, and the specific disease risks resulting from exposure to this agent. This Report is the first issued since 1964 that identifies a chronic disease risk resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke for individuals other than smokers. It is now clear that disease risk due to the inhalation of tobacco smoke is not limited to the individual who is smoking, but can extend to those who inhale tobacco smoke emitted into the air. This Report represents a detailed review of the health effects resulting from nonsmoker exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). ETS is the combination of smoke emitted from a burning tobacco product between puffs (sidestream smoke) and the smoke exhaled by the smoker. The 1986 Report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking, is a critical review of all the available scientific evidence pertaining to the health effects of ETS exposure on nonsmokers. The term "involuntary smoking" is used to note that such exposures often occur as an unavoidable consequence of being in close proximity to smokers.Includes bibliographical references and index.1986704

The Ithacan, 1994-04-28

https://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/ithacan_1993-94/1027/thumbnail.jp

Valuing Residual Goodwill After Trademark Forfeiture

Trademarks contribute to an efficient market by helping consumers find products they like from sources they trust. This information-transmission function of trademarks can be upset if the law fails to reflect both how trademark owners communicate through marks and how consumers understand and use them. But many of trademark law’s forfeiture mechanisms (the ways a trademark can lose protection) ignore or discount consumer perception. This failure threatens not only to increase consumer search costs and consumer confusion, but also to distort markets. For example, trademark protection may be forfeited when the mark owner interrupts or abandons use, even though consumers still see the mark as identifying products from that owner. Or a mark may be forfeited if the mark owner licenses the mark for use without following certain quality control requirements, even if there is no evidence that licensees produce subpar products or disappoint consumers. As a result, a new seller can adopt a forfeited mark to identify its own products, even when many consumers will be confused by that use. If consumers think forfeited marks often identify products from the original mark owner, widespread reuse of forfeited marks can disrupt the ability of trademarks to transmit useful information to consumers. Trademark forfeiture mechanisms operate like information-forcing penalty default rules, but failure to account for consumer perception renders the information that they force incomplete. Those mechanisms should be readjusted to account for residual consumer goodwill—the likelihood that consumers reasonably associate a forfeited mark with the original owner. This Article proposes a framework for revealing and valuing residual consumer goodwill, and in the process, restores needed balance to trademark’s forfeiture mechanisms as new entrants jockey for market position by appropriating residual goodwill

The politics of the evolution of global tobacco control: The formation and functioning of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)

The study investigates the politics behind the evolution of tobacco as a global issue leading to adoption of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in May 2003. The study relies on liberal-constructivist perspective to analyze the transformation of tobacco control between 1960 and 2003. The study uses a combination of elite interview and content analysis. It found that the presence of an international organization with constitutional powers in tobacco control, WHO and the diffusion and transfer of knowledge, information, and ideas about tobacco use and tobacco control contributed to the emergence of tobacco control as a global phenomenon and the FCTC