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    Evaluation of tactile feedback on dwell time progression in eye typing

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    Haptic feedback is known to be important in manual interfaces. However, gaze-based interactive systems usually do not involve haptic feedback. In this thesis, I investigated whether an eye typing system, which uses an eye tracker as an input device, can benefit from tactile feedback as indication of dwell time progression. The dwell time is an effective selection method in eye typing systems. It means that the user keep her/his gaze on a certain element for predetermined amount of time to active it. The tactile feedback was given by a vibrotactile actuator to the participant's finger that rested on top of the actuator. This thesis reports a comparison of three different tactile feedbacks: "Ascending" feedback, "Warning" feedback and "No dwell" feedback (i.e. no feedback given for dwell), for the dwell time progression during eye typing process. The feedbacks were compared in a within-participants experiment where each participant used the eye typing system with all feedbacks in a counterbalanced order. Two sessions were conducted to observe learning effects. The comparison methods consisted of quantitative and qualitative measures. The quantitative data included text entry speed in words per minute (WPM), error rate, keystrokes per character (KSPC), read text events (RTE) and re-focus events (RFE). RTE referred to the events when the participant moved the gaze to the text input field and RFE took place because the participant moved her/his gaze away from the key too early, thus requiring a re-focus on the same key. The qualitative data were collected from the participants' answers to questionnaires. The quantitative results reflected a learning effect between the two sessions in all the three conditions. KSPC indicated a statistically significant difference between the feedback conditions. "No dwell" feedback was related to lower KSPC than "Ascending" feedback, indicating that "Ascending" feedback led to more extra effort by the participants. The result of qualitative data did not indicate any statistically significant difference among the feedbacks and between the sessions. However, more research with different types of haptic actuators is required to validate the results
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