GPS:n käyttö suunnistuskarttojen teossa kaupungissa Helsingissä ja maaseudulla Keniassa

Orienteering maps are special types of maps. They are designed to give orienteers equal chances to make route-choice decisions. Orienteering maps have traditionally been made using aerial images, LiDAR scanning, old orienteering maps and/or other topographical maps as base material. With one or several as these as the foundation the mapmaker then does the field work in the terrain with pencils after which the material is combined by scanning and superimposing of the data on a Personal Computer. Aerial images and the following stereoscopic evaluation are costly and the field work a tedious procedure so when using these methods, the whole mapmaking process may take up to two years. In this study a GPS-connected tablet-PC running OCAD was used for the whole mapmaking process. The study areas include urban Pikku-Huopalahti, Helsinki and in the rural Ngangao forest in Kenya. The usability of different GPS receivers and the mapmaking software OCAD were tested in different terrains and conditions, as well as at different locations on the globe in order to get comprehensive results. Up until recently the accuracy achieved with affordable GPS receivers has not been sufficient for detailed mapping, but with recent technological advances the cost of accurate receivers are low enough to make this method of mapmaking advantageous. The reception of GPS signals is drastically limited by the tree canopy in equatorial indigenous forests, where the canopy may cover up to 100% of the sky view. A high navigation sensitivity (> 160 dBHz) of the GPS receiver is desired for best GPS reception. The results of comparing GPS reception between receivers in urban terrain also showed variance between the receivers and between differing terrain conditions. The tablet-GPS mapping systems worked well in differing conditions. Even humidity did not cause problems, contradictory to mapping using traditional mapping methods. The accuracy and productivity of the traditional way of making orienteering maps and the Tablet-GPS method were compared. Utilizing the Tablet-GPS method an orienteering map may be produced faster and with enhanced accuracy of the final map.Suunnistuskartta on erikoislaatuinen kartta. Se on suunniteltu antamaan suunnistajille tasaveroiset mahdollisuudet reitinvalintojen tekemiseen. Suunnistuskarttoja on perinteisesti tehty hyödyntämällä ilmakuvia, LiDAR dataa, vanhoja suunnistuskarttoja ja/tai toisia topografisia karttoja pohja-aineistoina. Yhtä tai useampaa näistä hyväksi käyttäen kartoittaja suorittaa maastotyön värikynillä paperille. Skannaamalla maastotyökonsepti data siirretään tietokoneelle. Ilmakuvat ja stereokuvatulkinta ovat kalliita toteuttaa ja maastotyö aikaa vievää, joten näitä menetelmiä käyttäen koko kartantekoprosessi saattaa kestää jopa kaksi vuotta. Tässä tutkimuksessa GPS -yhteydellä varustettu tabletti-tietokone, jossa on OCAD asennettuna, käytettiin kaikkien työvaiheiden suorittamiseen. Tutkimusalueina toimi kaupunkimainen Pikku-Huopalahti, Helsingissä sekä maalaismainen Ngangaon metsä Keniassa. Erilaisten GPS vastaanottimien ja OCAD -kartanpiirto-ohjelman käytettävyys testattiin erilaisissa ympäristöissä sekä eripuolilla maapalloa, jotta tulokset olisivat kokonaisvaltaiset. Viime aikoihin saakka huokeiden GPS vastaanottimen tuottama tarkkuus ei ole ollut riittävä yksityiskohtaisten maastokarttojen tekoon, mutta viimeaikaisten teknillisten edistysten myötä tarkkojen GPS vastaanotinten hinta on madaltunut riittävästi, tehdäkseen GPS -avusteisesta kartoituksesta kannattavaa Päiväntasaajan seudun alkuperäismetsien latvuspeitto, joka saattaa peittää jopa 100 % taivasnäkyvyydestä, heikentää GPS signaalien vastaanottamista huomattavasti. GPS vastaanottimen korkealla (> 160 dBHz) navigaatioherkkyydellä saavutetaan paras GPS vastaanotto. GPS vastaanottimet osoittautuivat eriarvoisiksi myös erilaisissa kaupunkiympäristöissä. GPS -yhteydellä varustettu tabletti-tietokone toimi hyvin erilaisissa olosuhteissa. Edes kosteus ei aiheuttanut ongelmia, toisin kuin perinteisiä maastokartoitusmenetelmiä käytettäessä. Perinteistä maastokartoitusta ja GPS -yhteydellä varustetun tabletti-tietokoneen avulla tehdyn kartan tarkkuutta ja työskentelytehokkuutta vertailtiin. GPS -yhteydellä varustettua tabletti-tietokonetta käytettäessä suunnistuskartta voidaan tuottaa nopeammin ja lopputuotteen tarkkuus on parempi

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Maps are a fundamental resource in a diverse array of applications ranging from everyday activities, such as route planning through the legal demarcation of space to scientific studies, such as those seeking to understand biodiversity and inform the design of nature reserves for species conservation. For a map to have value, it should provide an accurate and timely representation of the phenomenon depicted and this can be a challenge in a dynamic world. Fortunately, mapping activities have benefitted greatly from recent advances in geoinformation technologies. Satellite remote sensing, for example, now offers unparalleled data acquisition and authoritative mapping agencies have developed systems for the routine production of maps in accordance with strict standards. Until recently, much mapping activity was in the exclusive realm of authoritative agencies but technological development has also allowed the rise of the amateur mapping community. The proliferation of inexpensive and highly mobile and location aware devices together with Web 2.0 technology have fostered the emergence of the citizen as a source of data. Mapping presently benefits from vast amounts of spatial data as well as people able to provide observations of geographic phenomena, which can inform map production, revision and evaluation. The great potential of these developments is, however, often limited by concerns. The latter span issues from the nature of the citizens through the way data are collected and shared to the quality and trustworthiness of the data. This book reports on some of the key issues connected with the use of citizen sensors in mapping. It arises from a European Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, which explored issues linked to topics ranging from citizen motivation, data acquisition, data quality and the use of citizen derived data in the production of maps that rival, and sometimes surpass, maps arising from authoritative agencies

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Mapping and the citizen sensor

Maps are a fundamental resource in a diverse array of applications ranging from everyday activities, such as route planning through the legal demarcation of space to scientific studies, such as those seeking to understand biodiversity and inform the design of nature reserves for species conservation. For a map to have value, it should provide an accurate and timely representation of the phenomenon depicted and this can be a challenge in a dynamic world. Fortunately, mapping activities have benefitted greatly from recent advances in geoinformation technologies. Satellite remote sensing, for example, now offers unparalleled data acquisition and authoritative mapping agencies have developed systems for the routine production of maps in accordance with strict standards. Until recently, much mapping activity was in the exclusive realm of authoritative agencies but technological development has also allowed the rise of the amateur mapping community. The proliferation of inexpensive and highly mobile and location aware devices together with Web 2.0 technology have fostered the emergence of the citizen as a source of data. Mapping presently benefits from vast amounts of spatial data as well as people able to provide observations of geographic phenomena, which can inform map production, revision and evaluation. The great potential of these developments is, however, often limited by concerns. The latter span issues from the nature of the citizens through the way data are collected and shared to the quality and trustworthiness of the data. This book reports on some of the key issues connected with the use of citizen sensors in mapping. It arises from a European Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, which explored issues linked to topics ranging from citizen motivation, data acquisition, data quality and the use of citizen derived data in the production of maps that rival, and sometimes surpass, maps arising from authoritative agencies

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