Governing by internet architecture

In the past thirty years, the exponential rise in the number of Internet users around the word and the intensive use of the digital networks have brought to light crucial political issues. Internet is now the object of regulations. Namely, it is a policy domain. Yet, its own architecture represents a new regulative structure, one deeply affecting politics and everyday life. This article considers some of the main transformations of the Internet induced by privatization and militarization processes, as well as their consequences on societies and human beings.En los últimos treinta años ha crecido de manera exponencial el número de usuarios de Internet alrededor del mundo y el uso intensivo de conexiones digitales ha traído a la luz cuestiones políticas cruciales. Internet es ahora objeto de regulaciones. Es decir, es un ámbito de la política. Aún su propia arquitectura representa una nueva estructura reguladora, que afecta profundamente la política y la vida cotidiana. Este artículo considera algunas de las principales transformaciones de Internet inducida por procesos de privatización y militarización, como también sus consecuencias en las sociedades y en los seres humanos

Mass transit options

Choices on public transit options are choices about a city's future. Will there be congestion? Will there be high levels of air and noise pollution? Will transport be affordable? Will services be available to all? The type of public transit system will have a big impact on the answers to these questions. This module aims to provide policy-makers in developing cities - and those advising them - with guidance on choosing appropriate Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems. The module begins by briefly describing some basic concepts and defining features of MRT in developing cities. Current applications of each of the main MRT options are then described, focusing on applications in developing cities. Since Metros and Light Rail Transit are still relatively uncommon in low income developing cities, most of this discussion focuses on the recent development of Bus Rapid Transit systems throughout the world

A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH THE URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS OF CAIRO, NAIROBI, TUNIS, CAPE TOWN AND LAGOS

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2021.8. 마틴.Traffic congestion has increasingly become a widely discussed subject globally. It is believed that this phenomenon will only worsen progressively. Many developed and underdeveloped countries all over the world are adopting various policy measures to deal with this phenomenon. The most affected cities of the world such as Sao Paolo in Brazil are notoriously known by what characterizes the early morning and evening drive. African cities in countries such as Egypt, Nigeria and to relatively lesser extent, Ghana also endure this same challenge. This paper examines the causes of vehicular traffic congestion in Accra, the administrative capital of Ghana and suggests feasible policy recommendations based on a comparative analysis with urban transport systems of the selected cities. The paper is in six parts. The first part covers introduction, the second part covers the literature review, the third part covers methodology, and the fourth part, an analysis of the Accra case. This is followed by the fifth part which covers a comparison of Accra with the above-mentioned cities, with summary, conclusions, recommendations as well as limitations forming the sixth part.교통 체증은 세계적으로 널리 논의되고 있는 주제이다. 이 현상은 점차 더 악화된다고 여겨지고 있다. 많은 선진국과 개발도상국을 포함한 전 세계에서는 교통 체증을 해결하기 위해 여러 정책과 전략들을 채택해오고 있다. 브라질의 상파울루와 같은 교통체증의 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 도시들은 새벽 및 야간 운전이 여러모로 악명 높다. 이집트, 나이지리아와 같은 아프리카 도시들과 상대적으로 더 작은 면적인 가나에서도 위와 같은 현상을 겪고 있다. 본 연구는 가나의 행정 수도인 아크라의 차량 교통 체증의 원인을 분석하고 선택한 5 개 도시 (카이로, 나이로비, 튀니스, 케이프타운, 라고스)의 도시 교통 시스템의 비교 분석을 토대로 실현 가능한 정책을 제안한다.CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Identification 2 1.3 Comparison with other cities in Africa 5 1.4.1 Objective of the research 6 1.4.2 Research questions 7 1.4.3 Significance of the research 7 1.4.4 Research Methodology 8 1.4.5 Scope of the Research 8 1.4.6 Anticipated problems and limitations 9 1.5 Organization of the study 9 CHAPTER 2 10 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Definition of Urban Traffic Congestion 10 2.3 The characteristics of urban transport that cause congestion 12 2.4 Urban Governance in Africa 14 2.5 Urban Planning in Africa 18 2.6 Urban Transport Planning in Africa 19 2.7.1 Urban Transportation in Africa 21 2.7.2 Overview of Urban Transportation in Ghana 23 2.7.3 Urban Transportation in Lagos, Nigeria 25 2.7.4 Urban Transportation in Cape Town, South Africa 28 2.7.5 Urban Transportation in Nairobi, Kenya 31 2.7.6 Urban Transportation in Cairo, Egypt 36 2.7.7 Urban Transportation in Tunis, Tunisia 41 2.8 Transport Infrastructure in Africa 43 CHAPTER 3 46 METHODOLOGY 46 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 Research questions 46 3.3 Study Area 47 3.4 Comparative Research 47 3.5 Research Design 49 3.6 Secondary Data Sources and tools of analysis 50 3.7 Strength and limitations 50 3.8 Conceptual Framework 51 CHAPTER 4 53 AN ANALYSIS OF THE ACCRA CASE 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Urban Planning 53 4.3 Urban Transport System 54 4.4 Factors Contributing to Traffic Congestion in the Accra 56 Metropolis 56 4.5 Impact on the Metropolis 65 CHAPTER 5 70 URBAN PLANNING ACROSS THE FIVE SELECTED CITIES 70 5.1 Introduction 70 5.2 Urban Planning 70 5.3 Urban Planning in Nairobi, Kenya 73 5.4 Urban Planning in Lagos, Nigeria 75 5.5 Urban Planning in Cairo, Egypt 77 5.6 Urban Planning in Tunis, Tunisia 80 5.7 Urban Planning in Cape Town, South Africa 82 5.8 Table of Comparison 86 5.9 Discussion 91 CHAPTER 6 93 CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND LIMITATION OF STUDY 93 6.1 Summary of findings 93 6.2 Conclusion 95 6.3 Recommendations 96 6.3 Limitation of the Study 100 국문 초록 112석

Dressing up domination as ‘cooperation’: the case of Israeli-Palestinian water relations

This article analyses the extent to which Israeli-Palestinian water relations were affected and transformed by the Oslo process. Focusing in turn on the management of water systems and supplies, the monitoring of water resources and the development of new supplies, the article suggests that many of the seeming and much-lauded achievements of the Oslo process were more cosmetic than real. Comparing Israeli-Palestinian water relations before and since the onset of the Oslo process, the article contends that the Oslo agreements did little more in this particular sphere than to dress up and discursively repackage Israel's domination of the West Bank water sector in a new vocabulary of Israeli-Palestinian ‘cooperation’