35,803 research outputs found
Can Obsessive Thoughts Predict Problematic Alcohol Use Through Thought Suppression?
Alcohol misuse, which is a prevalent issue among college students, often coincides with psychiatric disorders or symptoms. Treatment of one facilitates treatment of the other. Some anecdotal evidence suggests that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or just obsessive-compulsive symptoms, is connected to alcohol misuse.
This study adapts part of the cognitive control model of OCD, which states that intrusive thoughts will only lead to distress if the individual interprets them in a dysfunctional manner and tries to control them. When the thought control attempt fails, if the individual interprets the failure in a dysfunctional way as well, they will become distressed. If they are distressed, they will then use alcohol in an attempt to relieve their negative emotions. This research examines if there is a moderating relationship between intrusive thoughts, maladaptive responses to thoughts, and alcohol misuse. Furthermore, this research examines if obsessive beliefs moderate the moderation between intrusive thoughts, maladaptive responses, and alcohol misuse.
Participants (N = 186) identified mainly as women (73.7% women, 24.7% men, 1.1% gender queer/non-conforming, 1.1% nonbinary) and had a mean age of 23.92 (SD = 6.78, Mdn = 21.00). Participants completed measures assessing alcohol misuse, intrusive thoughts, obsessive thoughts, and thought control strategies.
Using a simple moderation model and a moderated moderation model in the SPSS macro PROCESS V4.1, support was not found for any of the hypotheses. Maladaptive thought control strategies did not have a moderating effect on the relationship between intrusive thoughts and alcohol misuse. Obsessive thoughts did not moderation the moderation between maladaptive thought control strategies, intrusive thoughts, and alcohol misuse. However, worry thought control strategies were shown to have a strong effect on alcohol misuse when intrusive thoughts and different types of obsessive beliefs were held average. In addition, the belief in the importance of thoughts and the need to control them had a significant effect on alcohol misuse when punishment thought control strategies and intrusive thoughts were held at the average. The results suggest that intrusive thoughts are not related to alcohol misuse. However, worry thought control strategies and the importance of/need to control thoughts are related to alcohol misuse
Potential Connection Between ADHD Medication Misuse and Risk-Taking Behaviors
ADHD medications (such as Adderall, Ritalin, Vyvanse) are frequently misused on college campuses to enhance academic performance. Many students are unaware of the adverse effects of the drug. Research shows that ADHD medication misuse is associated with Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) dysfunction, and may lead to impaired decision making abilities. This may lead to riskier decision making by ADHD stimulant-dependent college students. Higher risk taking behaviors are associated with comorbid illicit substance use (such as cocaine, marijuana, prescription painkillers). This study seeks to assess whether ADHD medication misuse correlates with risk-taking behaviors. An anonymous survey including questions on frequency of ADHD, alcohol and illicit drug use was completed by 863 college students. Data was analyzed using Pearson\u27s Correlation Coefficient in SPSS Version 25.0. Results revealed significant positive correlations between alcohol, cocaine and/or marijuana use and once a day, once a month, and once a year ADHD medication use. There were also positive correlations depicted between cocaine and recreational prescription painkiller use and not being dissuaded by any information against taking ADHD medications - including evidence for negative physiological effects, real life stories about ADHD medication use, or even negative personal effects experienced. These behaviors suggest potential PFC dysfunction in college students illicitly using ADHD medications.https://orb.binghamton.edu/research_days_posters_spring2020/1073/thumbnail.jp
All Possible Regressions Using IBM SPSS: A Practitioner’s Guide to Automatic Linear Modeling
Although the all possible subsets regression procedure (or all possible regressions) has been a preferred method for selecting the “best” model in multiple regression, it might not have been the most frequently used method by SPSS users partly due to its time consuming nature of evaluating all possible combinations of multiple regression models. Starting with Version 19, however, IBM SPSS introduced a new procedure called Automatic Linear Modeling, enabling researchers to select best subsets automatically. While the arrival of this new procedure is highly welcomed by researchers, practitioners, and students, it has also raised a potential threat of misuse due to its apparent simplicity. The purpose of this paper is to provide brief information on all possible regressions and to provide a practical guide on how to make the best use of Automatic Linear Modeling
Treatment approaches for dual diagnosis clients in England
Introduction - Dual diagnosis (DD, co-occurrence of substance use and mental health problems) prevalence data in England are limited to specific regions and reported rates vary widely. Reliable information on actual service provision for dual diagnosis clients has not been collated. Thus a national survey was carried out to estimate dual diagnosis prevalence in treatment populations and describe the service provision available for this client population in drug/alcohol (DAS) and mental health services (MHS). Design - A questionnaire was sent to managers of 706 DAS and 2374 MHS. Overall, 249 (39%) DAS and 493 (23%) MHS participated in the survey. Results - In both DAS and MHS, around 32% of clients were estimated to have dual diagnosis problems. However, fewer than 50% of services reported assessing clients for both problem areas. Regarding specific treatment approaches, most services (DAS: 88%, MHS: 87%) indicated working jointly with other agencies. Significantly fewer services used joint protocols (DAS: 55%, MHS: 48%) or shared care arrangements, including access to external drug/alcohol or mental health teams (DAS: 47%, MHS: 54%). Only 25% of DAS and 17% of MHS employed dual diagnosis specialists. Conclusions - Dual diagnosis clients constitute a substantial proportion of clients in both DAS and MHS in England. Despite recent policy initiatives, joint working approaches tend to remain unstructured
Predictive validity of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) for multiple adverse outcomes:the effect of diagnosis
The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) assists risk assessment for seven risk outcomes based on scoring of risk and protective factors and assignment of clinically-informed risk levels. Its predictive validity for violence and self-harm has been established in males with schizophrenia, but accuracy across pathologically diverse samples is unknown. Routine START assessments and 3-month risk outcome data of N = 527 adult, inpatients in a UK secure mental health facility were collected. The sample was divided into diagnostic groups; predictive validity was established using receiver operating characteristics regression (rocreg) analysis in which potential covariates were controlled. In most single-diagnosis groups START risk factors ('vulnerabilities'), protective factors ('strengths'), and clinically-informed estimates predicted multiple risk outcomes with effect sizes similar to previous research. Self-harm was not predicted among patients with an organic diagnosis. The START risk estimates predicted physical aggression in all diagnostic groups, and verbal aggression, self-harm and self-neglect in most diagnostic groups. The START can assist assessment of aggressive, self-harm, and self-neglect across a range of diagnostic groups. Further research with larger sample sizes of those with multiple diagnoses is required.</p
The Leeds Evaluation of Efficacy of Detoxification Study (LEEDS) project: An open-label pragmatic randomised control trial comparing the efficacy of differing therapeutic agents for primary care detoxification from either street heroin or methadone [ISRCTN07752728]
BACKGROUND:
Heroin is a synthetic opioid with an extensive illicit market leading to large numbers of people becoming addicted. Heroin users often present to community treatment services requesting detoxification and in the UK various agents are used to control symptoms of withdrawal. Dissatisfaction with methadone detoxification [8] has lead to the use of clonidine, lofexidine, buprenorphine and dihydrocodeine; however, there remains limited evaluative research. In Leeds, a city of 700,000 people in the North of England, dihydrocodeine is the detoxification agent of choice. Sublingual buprenorphine, however, is being introduced. The comparative value of these two drugs for helping people successfully and comfortably withdraw from heroin has never been compared in a randomised trial. Additionally, there is a paucity of research evaluating interventions among drug users in the primary care setting. This study seeks to address this by randomising drug users presenting in primary care to receive either dihydrocodeine or buprenorphine.
METHODS/DESIGN:
The Leeds Evaluation of Efficacy of Detoxification Study (LEEDS) project is a pragmatic randomised trial which will compare the open use of buprenorphine with dihydrocodeine for illicit opiate detoxification, in the UK primary care setting. The LEEDS project will involve consenting adults and will be run in specialist general practice surgeries throughout Leeds. The primary outcome will be the results of a urine opiate screening at the end of the detoxification regimen. Adverse effects and limited data to three and six months will be acquired
Child protection, domestic violence and parental substance misuse : family experiences and effective practice : executive summary
This book draws on a wide range of evidence to explore the facts about the relationship between substance misuse and domestic violence and their effect on children, and examines the response of children's services when there are concerns about the safety and welfare of children.
It reveals the vulnerability of these children and the extent to which domestic violence, parental alcohol or parental drug misuse impact on children's health and development, affect the adults' capacity to undertake key parenting tasks, and influence the response of wider family and the community. It includes parents' own voices and allows them to explain what help they feel would best support families in similar situations. The authors explore the extent to which current local authority plans, procedures, joint protocols and training support information sharing and collaborative working. Emphasising the importance of an holistic inter-agency approach to assessment, planning and service provision, the authors draw from the findings implications for policy and practice in both children and adult services
Urine Screening for Opiod and Illicit Drugs in the Total Joint Arthroplasty Population
Introduction. Recent studies have shown an increase in post-operative orthopaedic complications associated with pre-operative opioid use. It is, therefore, important to know if patients use opioids before scheduled surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine if urine drug screening (UDS) is an effective screening tool for detecting opioid and illicit drug use prior to joint arthroplasty (JA) procedures.
Methods. This retrospective chart review was performed with IRB approval on 166 out of 172 consecutive patients in a community-based practice. All the patients had a pre-operative UDS prior to primary or revision JA by a fellowship trained orthopaedic surgeon between March 2016 and April 2017. Patient demographics documented opioid and illicit drug use, co-morbid diagnosis, and UDS results were collected from clinical charts. Statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, McNemar test, and t-tests with IBM SPSS Statistics, ver. 23. Significant differences were p < 0.05.
Results. Sixty-four of 166 patients (38.6%) tested positive for opioids. Among them, 55.0% (35/64) had no history of prescription opioid use. Significant differences were observed when comparing the test results of the UDS with the patient reported history of prescribed opioids (p = 0.001).
Conclusion. With a significant number of patients testing positive for opioids without evidence of a previous prescription, UDS may be beneficial for initial risk assessment for patients undergoing JA procedures
- …