Are you a die-hard K-pop fan? Examining English Korean code mixing uttered by an American native speaker youtuber

This study analyzes the types and reasons for code-mixing used by the speaker with a concern for the interlocutors, who are a native speaker and a non-native speaker. The significance of comparing the speaker's code-mixing aims to know if changes in the interlocutors affect the types and reasons for code-mixing adopted. This analysis applied the qualitative descriptive method to analyze data taken from two YouTube videos of an American native speaker namely Edward Avila entitled Chopping all my friend’s hair off and giving him makeover with Korean native speaker as the interlocutor and catching up with Sorn + A soft glam lewk with Korean non-native speaker as the interlocutor. For Korean native speaker interlocutor, the most frequently used code-mixing type is alternation, while for Korean non-native speaker interlocutor is insertion. However, the data identified three specific reasons for code-mixing with Korean native speaker interlocutor, notably clarification of the speech content, interjection, and quotation of someone else. Meanwhile, there are two specific causes for code-mixing revealed in the data of Korean non-native speaker interlocutor, namely discussion of a specific topic and repetition used for clarification. The varied types of interlocutors had an impact on the forms of code-mixing and the reasons for code-mixing in the dialogu

DravidianCodeMix: Sentiment Analysis and Offensive Language Identification Dataset for Dravidian Languages in Code-Mixed Text

This paper describes the development of a multilingual, manually annotated dataset for three under-resourced Dravidian languages generated from social media comments. The dataset was annotated for sentiment analysis and offensive language identification for a total of more than 60,000 YouTube comments. The dataset consists of around 44,000 comments in Tamil-English, around 7,000 comments in Kannada-English, and around 20,000 comments in Malayalam-English. The data was manually annotated by volunteer annotators and has a high inter-annotator agreement in Krippendorff's alpha. The dataset contains all types of code-mixing phenomena since it comprises user-generated content from a multilingual country. We also present baseline experiments to establish benchmarks on the dataset using machine learning methods. The dataset is available on Github (https://github.com/bharathichezhiyan/DravidianCodeMix-Dataset) and Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/record/4750858\#.YJtw0SYo\_0M).Comment: 36 page

Fictions of Belonging: New Arrival Literature and Contemporary Discourse on U.S. Immigration

In the past two decades, “New Arrival Literature” has generated wide acclaim and a rich body of literary criticism. This genre of literature, written by immigrants who have themselves migrated, is becoming increasingly popular in a time of dominant currents of anti-immigration sentiment. My thesis explores this genre of fiction in the context of contemporary debates on immigration in the United States. In particular, this paper looks at three dominant myths about U.S. immigrants— that they drain the economy, are unwilling to assimilate, and bring crime. The novels in my study— Americanah (2013) by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, We Need New Names (2013) by NoViolet Bulawayo, Claire of the Sea Light (2013) by Edwidge Danticat, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2008) by Junot Díaz, The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf (2009) by Mohja Kahf, and The Namesake (2003) by Jhumpa Lahiri— offer more holistic narratives about immigration and supplement material facts about its impact on the United States. Placing these novels in their socio-historical contexts, I explore the diverse immigrant experience and restore complexity to the oversimplified debate. My thesis also reveals how reductive, anti-immigrant stereotypes are part of the broader myth of “American Exceptionalism.” These authors, through their lived experiences and works of fiction, counter these myths by offering more human and complex narratives of migration

Multicultural and Multilingual Employees: Bridging Activities, Cognitive Schemas, and Social Capital Formation

Not least due to increasing migration flows and a globalized world, multicultural and multilingual employees gain increasing importance in organizations across the globe. Some international business scholars have recently started to recognize the role of multiculturals, and others to far lesser degree the effects of multilinguals on organizational processes. However, the largely fragmented approach fails to acknowledge the interrelated nature of culture and language and with that, how multiculturalism and multilingualism can have intertwined or separate effects on cross-cultural and cross-lingual issues in organizations. As such, the dissertation aims to close this practically and conceptually relevant gap by taking an integrated approach to the study of multicultural and multilingual employees. The three papers of the dissertation are based on an inductive qualitative analysis of 154 semi-structured interviews. The first paper proposes four roles that multiculturals and multilinguals adopt as bridge individuals. Findings show the specific assets and shortcomings these individuals draw on and implement to bridge cultural and language barriers. The second paper reveals both the distinct and interrelated knowledge and information multicultural and multilingual individuals store in their minds in the form of cognitive schemas. The resulting framework shows the nuances of two sub-schemas, one relating to the knowledge and skills, and one relating to the strategies in developing these. The third paper sheds light on the processes and outcomes of forming social capital based on multicultural and multilingual characteristics. The findings show how different mechanisms lead to a higher breadth and depth of their language-specific, culture-specific and culture-general social capital. The dissertation contributes to multiple areas of international business research: First and foremost, to the nascent stream about multicultural and multilingual employees, and further, to research about bridge individuals and social capital formation. The dissertation discusses managerial implications and opportunities for future research

Kashmiri to English Machine Translation: A Study of Morpho-Syntactic Divergence Patterns

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Forms and functions of codeswitching to Hindi/Urdu in Indian English and Pakistani English

This study examines the forms and functions of codeswitching to Hindi/Urdu in Indian English and Pakistani English. The aim is to find out how these local languages manifest and are used in the local non-native variety of English. Previous research on codeswitching to Hindi and Urdu in Indian English and Pakistani English has mostly concentrated only on the use of single lexical items and their impact on the lexicon of the local English leaving the more varied ways in which the local languages show relatively unresearched. The material was collected from the Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE). This study served additionally as a methodological experiment using the most frequent Hindi and Urdu words to locate and collect codeswitches in the corpus. The analysis of the structural patterns showed that Hindi and Urdu codeswitches manifest in a variety of different forms ranging from longer intersentential codeswitches for complete Hindi and Urdu sentences to interclausal switches, i.e. switches between main and dependent clauses, and to shorter intraclausal codeswitches like words and phrases. The structural analysis also revealed that the structural patterns appear to follow the same tendencies in both Indian and Pakistani English. The Hindi/Urdu codeswitches also served diverse types of functions. The switches could roughly be divided into switches with a communicative function and cultural switches. Communicative functions included, among others, quotations, figurative language, conveying greetings and prayers, interjections, reiterations, and metalinguistic commentary. Cultural codeswitches expressed objects and concepts specific to the Indian and Pakistani culture. Cultural switches also functioned as references to the Indian and Pakistani culture implying the Indianness or Pakistaniness of something or someone

Other tomorrows: postcoloniality, science fiction and India

In this dissertation I argue that science fiction as a genre intervenes in the history-oriented discourse of postcolonial Anglophone Indian literature and refocuses attention on the nation’s future—its position in global politics, its shifting religious and social values, its rapid industrialization, the clash between orthodoxy and modernity, and ultimately the dream of a multicultural nation. Anglophone Indian science fiction also indicates India’s movement away from a nation trying to negotiate the stigma of colonialism to a nation emerging as a new world power. Thus, this genre reconstructs the Indian identity not only in the domestic sphere, but also in a global context. Reading these works (e.g. by Amitav Ghosh, Ruchir Joshi, Vandana Singh etc.) alongside postcolonial and science fiction theory, I also explore how these texts theorize the intersection of Western and Indian traditions, as well as indigenism and hybridity. I argue science fiction as a genre enables a synthesis of these clashing tendencies in a new way, which projects Indian futures marked by cultural hybridity and, often, exhibits critical and premonitory qualities. Together with the Indian works I also read a number of Anglo-American science fictions about India (e.g. works by Roger Zelazny and Ian McDonald among others) to examine Western ideas about Indian future and how they differ from the Indian texts. Although some of these works try to understand the complex socio-cultural dynamics of India while writing its future, most of the time they impose the Western stereotypes of the Orient. Because of this still persisting Orientalist attitude, I conclude that Anglophone Indian science fiction is the genre that can best project the Indian future in an authentic manner. It can synthesize both Indian and Western cultural influences in a futuristic scenario, while eschewing the bias that Western science fictions exhibit towards India; and at the same time this genre can break free of the historical burden characterizing such reclamatory effort in realistic postcolonial discourse