5 research outputs found

    Rice landraces of Tamil Nadu –a review 

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    India being a floristically diverse and genetically rich nation is endowed with huge rice germplasm collections. As per the vedic evidences, in olden days about 400 landraces of paddy had been in cultivation in Tamil Nadu which is an agrarian state of India. But due to the introduction of high yielding cultivars these landraces went out of cultivation leading to genetic erosion. However, a few hundreds of landraces are in cultivation in small pockets in Tamil Nadu. So it is our bound duty to conserve the available landraces, sort out the duplications and maintain the identity of the cultivars by the way of precise morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization for the valuable traits possessed by these landraces. According to ancient Tamil literature, some of these landraces are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses while some others are known for their nutritional and therapeutic values in rice. Landraces of Tamil Nadu origin were extensively studied for their tolerance against abiotic stresses whereas the clinical validation of several of the landraces with nutritional and medicinal value is gaining importance in view of the growing interest of the consumers for a health conscious diet. In this context, traditional knowledge about the indigenous cultivars will help to explore the scientific basis of the nutraceutical values of the traditional cultivars by the plant breeders for sustaining food as well as the nutritional security and for overcoming the future challenges

    An experimental study on the growth performance, surface morphologyand therapeutic properties of unique medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces of Tamil Nadu

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    A field experiment was carried out in the wetland farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during Samba (Aug 2014 to Jan 2015) seasons with an objective to study surface morphology and growth performance of medicinal rice varieties in western zone of Tamil Nadu under irrigated rice ecosystem. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Block design with five replications. The treatment consist of three medicinal rice varieties and one high yielding variety of Tamil Nadu viz., Red kavuni, Black Kavuni and Njavara and CO(R)50. The observations were recorded on growth parameters like plant height, tillers, dry matter production and the physiological parameters like Leaf Area Index, Crop growth rate, Relative growth rate and Net assimilation rate. The yield attributes like Productive tillers m-2, total spikelet, filled grains, unfilled grains, thousand grain weight, grain yield and straw yield were recorded at the time of harvest. Physical, cooking quality, Bio chemical parameters like amylose per cent, total phenol content, total protein and ÎČ - carotene was also recorded. The surface morphology of the grain and husk shape and appearance were also studied and examined under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The study concludes that among the medicinal rice varieties, Red Kavuni recorded enhanced growth characters and yield attributes as compared to Black Kavuni and Njavara. Black Kavuni recorded higher amyloses per cent, total phenol content, total protein content and ÎČ â€“ carotene when compared to other varieties.

    The genetic basis and nutritional benefits of pigmented rice grain

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    Open Access Journal; Published online: 13 Mar 2020Improving the nutritional quality of rice grains through modulation of bioactive compounds and micronutrients represents an efficient means of addressing nutritional security in societies which depend heavily on rice as a staple food. White rice makes a major contribution to the calorific intake of Asian and African populations, but its nutritional quality is poor compared to that of pigmented (black, purple, red orange, or brown) variants. The compounds responsible for these color variations are the flavonoids anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, which are known to have nutritional value. The rapid progress made in the technologies underlying genome sequencing, the analysis of gene expression and the acquisition of global ‘omics data, genetics of grain pigmentation has created novel opportunities for applying molecular breeding to improve the nutritional value and productivity of pigmented rice. This review provides an update on the nutritional value and health benefits of pigmented rice grain, taking advantage of both indigenous and modern knowledge, while also describing the current approaches taken to deciphering the genetic basis of pigmentation

    Promoting dietary diversification in the ASEAN region : exposing food taboos, and exploring the nutrient profiles of underutilized, indigenous food resources

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    The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is composed of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The ASEAN region is ailing from moderate to serious incidence of malnutrition. Among the member countries, Brunei Darussalam has the highest prevalence of child obesity (17.8%), while Malaysia has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (15.6%). Indonesia has the highest percentage of young children suffering from wasting at 13.5%. Lao PDR has the highest percentage of the undernourished in the population (16.5%), at the same time, having the highest percentage of stunted children under five years of age (43.85%). It also has the highest HHI score with 38.7, which corresponds to having a severe case of micronutrient deficiencies, and the highest death rates for both children under five years of age (63 deaths per 1,000 live births) and mothers (197 deaths per 100,000 live births). To fight malnutrition, nutrition-specific interventions address the immediate determinants of nutrition of specific vulnerable groups young children, pregnant and lactating women, and others. Dietary diversification is an example of a nutrition-specific intervention. This dissertation was conducted to turn the spotlight towards the ASEAN region, its triple burden of malnutrition, and to dietary diversification as a sustainable way to lighten the load. It tackled one of the stumbling blocks to the acceptance of dietary diversification food taboos, and one of the stepping stones towards its successful implementation nutrient profiling of underutilized, indigenous resources in the region. This dissertation postulated that plant- and animal-based food taboos adhered to by pregnant, post-partum, and lactating Southeast Asian women can hinder dietary diversification in the most vulnerable and crucial moment of the first 1,000 days of life. The two review papers generated were the first to consolidate and showcase researches on food taboos covering the region. They highlighted the need for culture-sensitive health interventions to address maternal and child health problems that could lead to the attainment of the sustainable development goals of reducing the maternal and under-five mortality ratios and empowering women in Southeast Asia, as well as the priority health goals of the ASEAN. The underutilized, indigenous resources in the ASEAN region have the potential to be valuable components of a diversified diet. To prove this statement and to further promote dietary diversification, the dissertation tackled the nutrient profiling of the edible insects Bombay locust (Patanga succincta), scarab beetle (Holotrichia sp.), house cricket (Acheta domesticus), and mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) from Thailand, and the sago grub (Rhynchophorus bilineatus) from Indonesia. For the pigmented rice varieties, the Camoros (red), Tinta (purple) and Malinao black rice from the Philippines were analyzed, while a review of pigmented rice varieties from Thailand was also conducted. The results of the analysis showed, and based on the Codex Alimentarius on food labelling, that the edible insects are high in protein and can be sources of or high in minerals. Also, data showed that the pigmented rice varieties from the Philippines and the pigmented Thai rice varieties have higher mineral and vitamin contents in comparison with white Jasmine rice. The findings in this dissertation have shown that edible insects and pigmented rice varieties can be added to diversify and improve the nutritional quality of peoples diets and to fight malnutrition from the household level. The novel research into indigenous food resources contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field of entomology and biodiversity conservation, and of course, in food science and nutrition. Most importantly, the dissertations contribution to the promotion of dietary diversification in the hope of attaining improved human health and nutrition will benefit the whole ASEAN region.Dem Verband SĂŒdostasiatischer Nationen (ASEAN) gehören Brunei Darussalam, Kambodscha, Indonesien, die Demokratische Volksrepublik Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, die Philippinen, Singapur, Thailand und Vietnam an. Die ASEAN-Region leidet an mĂ€ĂŸiger bis schwerer UnterernĂ€hrung. Unter den MitgliedslĂ€ndern hat Brunei Darussalam die höchste PrĂ€valenz von Fettleibigkeit bei Kindern (17,8%), wĂ€hrend Malaysia die höchste PrĂ€valenz von Fettleibigkeit bei Erwachsenen (15,6%) aufweist. Indonesien hat mit 13,5% den höchsten Prozentsatz an Kleinkindern, die an Wasting leiden. Die Demokratische Volksrepublik Laos hat den höchsten Prozentsatz an UnterernĂ€hrten in der Bevölkerung (16,5%) und gleichzeitig den höchsten Prozentsatz an Kindern unter fĂŒnf Jahren mit Stunting (43,85%). Sie hat auch den höchsten HHI-Wert mit 38,7, was einem schwerwiegenden MikronĂ€hrstoffmangel entspricht, und die höchsten Sterblichkeitsraten sowohl bei Kindern unter fĂŒnf Jahren (63 TodesfĂ€lle pro 1.000 Lebendgeburten) als auch bei MĂŒttern (197 TodesfĂ€lle pro 100.000 Lebendgeburten). Zur BekĂ€mpfung der MangelernĂ€hrung befassen sich ernĂ€hrungsspezifische Interventionen mit den unmittelbaren Determinanten der ErnĂ€hrung bestimmter gefĂ€hrdeter Gruppen - Kleinkinder, schwangere und stillende Frauen und andere. Die Diversifizierung der ErnĂ€hrung ist ein Beispiel fĂŒr eine ernĂ€hrungsspezifische Intervention. Diese Dissertation wurde durchgefĂŒhrt, um das Augenmerk auf die ASEAN-Region, ihre dreifache Last der UnterernĂ€hrung, und auf die Diversifizierung der ErnĂ€hrung als nachhaltige Möglichkeit zur Milderung dieser Last zu lenken. Sie befasste sich mit einem der Stolpersteine auf dem Weg zur Akzeptanz der Diversifizierung der ErnĂ€hrung - den Nahrungstabus - und mit einem der Sprungbretter auf dem Weg zu ihrer erfolgreichen Umsetzung - der Erstellung von NĂ€hrwertprofilen zu wenig genutzter, einheimischer Ressourcen in der Region. In dieser Dissertation wurde angenommen, dass pflanzliche und tierische Nahrungstabus, an die sich schwangere, postpartale und stillende sĂŒdostasiatische Frauen halten, die Diversifizierung der ErnĂ€hrung im verletzlichsten und wichtigsten Moment der ersten 1000 Lebenstage behindern können. Die beiden erstellten Übersichtspapiere waren die ersten, die die Forschungen ĂŒber Nahrungstabus in der Region zusammenfassten und vorstellten. Sie betonten die Notwendigkeit kultursensibler Gesundheitsinterventionen zur BewĂ€ltigung der Gesundheitsprobleme von MĂŒttern und Kindern, die zur Erreichung der Ziele einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung, nĂ€mlich der Senkung der Sterblichkeitsrate von MĂŒttern und Kindern unter fĂŒnf Jahren und der StĂ€rkung der Rolle der Frauen in SĂŒdostasien, sowie der vorrangigen Gesundheitsziele der ASEAN fĂŒhren könnten. Die wenig genutzten, einheimischen Ressourcen in der ASEAN-Region haben das Potenzial, wertvolle Bestandteile einer diversifizierten ErnĂ€hrung zu sein. Um diese Aussage zu belegen und die Diversifizierung der ErnĂ€hrung weiter zu fördern, befasste sich die Dissertation mit der NĂ€hrstoffzusammensetzung der essbaren Insekten - der Bombay-Heuschrecke (Patanga succincta), dem SkarabĂ€uskĂ€fer (Holotrichia sp.), der Heimchengrille (Acheta domesticus) und dem Maulbeerseidenspinner (Bombyx mori) aus Thailand sowie der Sago-Raupe (Rhynchophorus bilineatus) aus Indonesien. Bei den Sorten von pigmentiertem Reis wurden Camoros (rot), Tinta (violett) und Malinao schwarzer Reis von den Philippinen analysiert, ebenso wie eine ÜberprĂŒfung der Sorten von pigmentiertem Reis aus Thailand. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse zeigten, und basierend auf dem Codex Alimentarius ĂŒber die Lebensmitteletikettierung, dass die essbaren Insekten "proteinreich" sind und "Quellen von" oder "reich an" Mineralien sein können. Die Daten zeigten auch, dass die pigmentierten Reissorten aus den Philippinen und die pigmentierten thailĂ€ndischen Reissorten im Vergleich zu weissem Jasminreis höhere Mineralien- und Vitamingehalte aufweisen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation haben ergeben, dass essbare Insekten und pigmentierte Reissorten hinzugefĂŒgt werden können, um die ErnĂ€hrung der Menschen zu diversifizieren und die ErnĂ€hrungsqualitĂ€t zu verbessern und die UnterernĂ€hrung auf Haushaltsebene zu bekĂ€mpfen. Die Forschung ĂŒber einheimische Nahrungsressourcen trĂ€gt dazu bei, das Wissen auf dem Gebiet der Entomologie und der Erhaltung der biologischen Vielfalt und natĂŒrlich auch der Lebensmittelwissenschaft und ErnĂ€hrung zu erweitern. Am wichtigsten ist, dass der Beitrag der Dissertation zur Förderung der Diversifizierung der ErnĂ€hrung in der Hoffnung auf eine verbesserte menschliche Gesundheit und ErnĂ€hrung der gesamten ASEAN-Region zugute kommen wird
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