14,579 research outputs found
Protein folding in high-dimensional spaces:hypergutters and the role of non-native interactions
We explore the consequences of very high dimensionality in the dynamical
landscape of protein folding. Consideration of both typical range of
stabilising interactions, and folding rates themselves, leads to a model of the
energy hypersurface that is characterised by the structure of diffusive
"hypergutters" as well as the familiar "funnels". Several general predictions
result: (1) intermediate subspaces of configurations will always be visited;
(2) specific but non-native interactions are important in stabilising these
low-dimensional diffusive searches on the folding pathway; (3) sequential
barriers will commonly be found, even in "two-state"proteins; (4) very early
times will show charactreristic departures from single-exponential kinetics;
(5) contributions of non-native interactions to phi-values are calculable, and
may be significant. The example of a three-helix bundle is treated in more
detail as an illustration. The model also shows that high-dimensional
structures provide conceptual relations between the "folding funnel",
"diffusion-collision", "nucleation-condensation" and "topomer search" models of
protein folding. It suggests that kinetic strategies for fast folding may be
encoded rather generally in non-native, rather than native interactions. The
predictions are related to very recent findings in experiment and simulation.Comment: Submitted to Biophys.
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Spatial model of convective solute transport in brain extracellular space does not support a "glymphatic" mechanism.
A "glymphatic system," which involves convective fluid transport from para-arterial to paravenous cerebrospinal fluid through brain extracellular space (ECS), has been proposed to account for solute clearance in brain, and aquaporin-4 water channels in astrocyte endfeet may have a role in this process. Here, we investigate the major predictions of the glymphatic mechanism by modeling diffusive and convective transport in brain ECS and by solving the Navier-Stokes and convection-diffusion equations, using realistic ECS geometry for short-range transport between para-arterial and paravenous spaces. Major model parameters include para-arterial and paravenous pressures, ECS volume fraction, solute diffusion coefficient, and astrocyte foot-process water permeability. The model predicts solute accumulation and clearance from the ECS after a step change in solute concentration in para-arterial fluid. The principal and robust conclusions of the model are as follows: (a) significant convective transport requires a sustained pressure difference of several mmHg between the para-arterial and paravenous fluid and is not affected by pulsatile pressure fluctuations; (b) astrocyte endfoot water permeability does not substantially alter the rate of convective transport in ECS as the resistance to flow across endfeet is far greater than in the gaps surrounding them; and (c) diffusion (without convection) in the ECS is adequate to account for experimental transport studies in brain parenchyma. Therefore, our modeling results do not support a physiologically important role for local parenchymal convective flow in solute transport through brain ECS
Phase Diagrams for Sonoluminescing Bubbles
Sound driven gas bubbles in water can emit light pulses. This phenomenon is
called sonoluminescence (SL). Two different phases of single bubble SL have
been proposed: diffusively stable and diffusively unstable SL. We present phase
diagrams in the gas concentration vs forcing pressure state space and also in
the ambient radius vs gas concentration and vs forcing pressure state spaces.
These phase diagrams are based on the thresholds for energy focusing in the
bubble and two kinds of instabilities, namely (i) shape instabilities and (ii)
diffusive instabilities. Stable SL only occurs in a tiny parameter window of
large forcing pressure amplitude atm and low gas
concentration of less than of the saturation. The upper concentration
threshold becomes smaller with increasing forcing. Our results quantitatively
agree with experimental results of Putterman's UCLA group on argon, but not on
air. However, air bubbles and other gas mixtures can also successfully be
treated in this approach if in addition (iii) chemical instabilities are
considered. -- All statements are based on the Rayleigh-Plesset ODE
approximation of the bubble dynamics, extended in an adiabatic approximation to
include mass diffusion effects. This approximation is the only way to explore
considerable portions of parameter space, as solving the full PDEs is
numerically too expensive. Therefore, we checked the adiabatic approximation by
comparison with the full numerical solution of the advection diffusion PDE and
find good agreement.Comment: Phys. Fluids, in press; latex; 46 pages, 16 eps-figures, small
figures tarred and gzipped and uuencoded; large ones replaced by dummies;
full version can by obtained from: http://staff-www.uni-marburg.de/~lohse
Metaplex networks: influence of the exo-endo structure of complex systems on diffusion
In a complex system the interplay between the internal structure of its
entities and their interconnection may play a fundamental role in the global
functioning of the system. Here, we define the concept of metaplex, which
describes such trade-off between internal structure of entities and their
interconnections. We then define a dynamical system on a metaplex and study
diffusive processes on them. We provide analytical and computational evidences
about the role played by the size of the nodes, the location of the internal
coupling areas, and the strength and range of the coupling between the nodes on
the global dynamics of metaplexes. Finally, we extend our analysis to two
real-world metaplexes: a landscape and a brain metaplex. We corroborate that
the internal structure of the nodes in a metaplex may dominate the global
dynamics (brain metaplex) or play a regulatory role (landscape metaplex) to the
influence of the interconnection between nodes.Comment: 28 pages, 19 figure
Schwinger-Keldysh Approach to Disordered and Interacting Electron Systems: Derivation of Finkelstein's Renormalization Group Equations
We develop a dynamical approach based on the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism to
derive a field-theoretic description of disordered and interacting electron
systems. We calculate within this formalism the perturbative RG equations for
interacting electrons expanded around a diffusive Fermi liquid fixed point, as
obtained originally by Finkelstein using replicas. The major simplifying
feature of this approach, as compared to Finkelstein's is that instead of replicas, we only need to consider N=2 species. We compare the dynamical
Schwinger-Keldysh approach and the replica methods, and we present a simple and
pedagogical RG procedure to obtain Finkelstein's RG equations.Comment: 22 pages, 14 figure
Approximate Computation and Implicit Regularization for Very Large-scale Data Analysis
Database theory and database practice are typically the domain of computer
scientists who adopt what may be termed an algorithmic perspective on their
data. This perspective is very different than the more statistical perspective
adopted by statisticians, scientific computers, machine learners, and other who
work on what may be broadly termed statistical data analysis. In this article,
I will address fundamental aspects of this algorithmic-statistical disconnect,
with an eye to bridging the gap between these two very different approaches. A
concept that lies at the heart of this disconnect is that of statistical
regularization, a notion that has to do with how robust is the output of an
algorithm to the noise properties of the input data. Although it is nearly
completely absent from computer science, which historically has taken the input
data as given and modeled algorithms discretely, regularization in one form or
another is central to nearly every application domain that applies algorithms
to noisy data. By using several case studies, I will illustrate, both
theoretically and empirically, the nonobvious fact that approximate
computation, in and of itself, can implicitly lead to statistical
regularization. This and other recent work suggests that, by exploiting in a
more principled way the statistical properties implicit in worst-case
algorithms, one can in many cases satisfy the bicriteria of having algorithms
that are scalable to very large-scale databases and that also have good
inferential or predictive properties.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Symposium on Principles
of Database Systems (PODS 2012
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