20,520 research outputs found

    Artificial consciousness and the consciousness-attention dissociation

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    Artificial Intelligence is at a turning point, with a substantial increase in projects aiming to implement sophisticated forms of human intelligence in machines. This research attempts to model specific forms of intelligence through brute-force search heuristics and also reproduce features of human perception and cognition, including emotions. Such goals have implications for artificial consciousness, with some arguing that it will be achievable once we overcome short-term engineering challenges. We believe, however, that phenomenal consciousness cannot be implemented in machines. This becomes clear when considering emotions and examining the dissociation between consciousness and attention in humans. While we may be able to program ethical behavior based on rules and machine learning, we will never be able to reproduce emotions or empathy by programming such control systemsโ€”these will be merely simulations. Arguments in favor of this claim include considerations about evolution, the neuropsychological aspects of emotions, and the dissociation between attention and consciousness found in humans. Ultimately, we are far from achieving artificial consciousness

    Incorporating characteristics of human creativity into an evolutionary art algorithm

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    A perceived limitation of evolutionary art and design algorithms is that they rely on human intervention; the artist selects the most aesthetically pleasing variants of one generation to produce the next. This paper discusses how computer generated art and design can become more creatively human-like with respect to both process and outcome. As an example of a step in this direction, we present an algorithm that overcomes the above limitation by employing an automatic fitness function. The goal is to evolve abstract portraits of Darwin, using our 2nd generation fitness function which rewards genomes that not just produce a likeness of Darwin but exhibit certain strategies characteristic of human artists. We note that in human creativity, change is less choosing amongst randomly generated variants and more capitalizing on the associative structure of a conceptual network to hone in on a vision. We discuss how to achieve this fluidity algorithmically

    Machine Grading and Moral Learning

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    Humans Versus AI: Whether and Why We Prefer Human-Created Compared to AI-Created Artwork

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    With the recent proliferation of advanced artifcial intelligence (AI) models capable of mimicking human artworks, AI creations might soon replace products of human creativity, although skeptics argue that this outcome is unlikely. One possible reason this may be unlikely is that, independent of the physical properties of art, we place great value on the imbuement of the human experience in art. An interesting question, then, is whether and why people might prefer human-compared to AI-created artworks. To explore these questions, we manipulated the purported creator of pieces of art by randomly assigning a โ€œHuman-createdโ€ or โ€œAI-createdโ€ label to paintings actually created by AI, and then assessed participantsโ€™ judgements of the artworks across four rating criteria (Liking, Beauty, Profundity, and Worth). Study 1 found increased positive judgements for human- compared to AI-labelled art across all criteria. Study 2 aimed to replicate and extend Study 1 with additional ratings (Emotion, Story, Meaningful, Efort, and Time to create) intended to elucidate why people more-positively appraise Human-labelled artworks. The main fndings from Study 1 were replicated, with narrativity (Story) and perceived efort behind artworks (Efort) moderating the label efects (โ€œHuman-createdโ€ vs. โ€œAI-createdโ€), but only for the sensory-level judgements (Liking, Beauty). Positive personal attitudes toward AI moderated label efects for more-communicative judgements (Profundity, Worth). These studies demonstrate that people tend to be negatively biased against AI-created artworks relative to purportedly humancreated artwork, and suggest that knowledge of human engagement in the artistic process contributes positively to appraisals of art

    O impacto de inteligรชncia artificial na criatividade de vรญdeos

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    In this study, the impact of using an Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm, Style Transfer, on the evaluation of the creative elements of artistic videos was explored. The aim of this study was to verify to what extent the use of this system contributes to changes in the qualitative and quantitative perception of the elements of creativity present in the videos, and to verify what changes occur. An experimental study was carried out, including two sets of videos that were watched by two groups: 1) a control group (n = 49, composed by 25 experts and 24 non-experts); 2) an experimental group (n = 52, composed by 27 experts and 25 non-experts). The first set, consisting of six videos without AI transformation (shared videos), was shown to both groups, aiming at verifying the equivalence of evaluation criteria. The second set, consisting of six videos (differentiated) with a version transformed by AI (displayed to the experimental group) and another untransformed (displayed to the control group). Each participant was asked to rate the videos, on a five-point Likert scale, on six elements of creativity and to characterize the creativity of each video with two words. The quantitative results showed equivalence of criteria in the shared videos between the experimental group and the control group (only one of 36 comparisons showed significant differences). Regarding quantitative comparisons of the differentiated (experimental versus control), 10 evaluations showed no significant differences, while five had higher evaluations of creativity in the experimental group and five in the control group. Concerning qualitative comparisons, in general, the frequency of terms used by participants in both groups was similar in the shared videos. In the differentiated videos there were some differences. Taken together, the results emphasize the importance of human mediation in the application of an Artificial Intelligence algorithm in creative production, which reinforces the relevance of the concept of Hybrid Intelligence.Neste estudo foi explorado o impacto do uso de um algoritmo de Inteligรชncia Artificial (IA), Style Transfer, na avaliaรงรฃo dos elementos de criatividade de vรญdeos artรญsticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar em que medida o uso deste sistema contribui para alteraรงรตes na perceรงรฃo qualitativa e quantitativa dos elementos de criatividade presentes nos vรญdeos, e verificar que mudanรงas ocorrem. Foi efetuado um estudo experimental, contemplando dois conjuntos de vรญdeos que foram visualizados por dois grupos: 1) um grupo de controlo (n=49, dos quais 25 peritos e 24 nรฃo peritos); 2) um grupo experimental (n=52, dos quais 27 peritos e 25 nรฃo peritos). O primeiro conjunto, composto por seis vรญdeos sem transformaรงรฃo de IA (vรญdeos partilhados), foi exibido a ambos os grupos, visando a verificaรงรฃo da equivalรชncia de critรฉrios de avaliaรงรฃo. O segundo conjunto, composto por seis vรญdeos (diferenciados) teve uma versรฃo transformada por IA (exibida ao grupo experimental) e outra nรฃo transformada (exibida ao grupo de controlo). A cada participante foi solicitado que avaliasse, numa escala de Likert de cinco pontos, os vรญdeos, em seis elementos de criatividade e que caracterizasse a criatividade de cada vรญdeo com duas palavras. Os resultados quantitativos demonstraram equivalรชncia de critรฉrios nos vรญdeos partilhados entre o grupo experimental e o grupo de controlo (apenas uma de 36 comparaรงรตes apresentou diferenรงas significativas). Relativamente ร  comparaรงรฃo quantitativa dos vรญdeos diferenciados (experimental versus controlo), 10 avaliaรงรตes nรฃo apresentaram diferenรงas significativas, enquanto que cinco tiveram avaliaรงรตes mais elevadas de criatividade no grupo experimental e cinco no grupo de controlo. Nas comparaรงรตes qualitativas, em geral, a frequรชncia dos termos usados pelos participantes de ambos os grupos foram semelhantes nos vรญdeos partilhados. Nos vรญdeos diferenciados ocorreram algumas diferenรงas. No seu conjunto, os resultados enfatizam a importรขncia da mediaรงรฃo humana na aplicaรงรฃo de um algoritmo de Inteligรชncia artificial na produรงรฃo criativa, o que reforรงa a relevรขncia do conceito de Inteligรชncia Hรญbrida.Mestrado em Comunicaรงรฃo Multimรฉdi

    ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์ •๋ณด์œตํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต), 2019. 2. ์„œ๋ด‰์›.์ปดํ“จํŒ… ํŒŒ์›Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ , ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ ์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถ•์ , ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์–ด๋Š๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธ์‹, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋น„์ „, ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ํ•„์ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰, ๋กœ๋ด‡, ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณตํ•™์  ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ธต์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•จ์˜์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€, ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜, ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋„ค ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ—˜์  ์ธ์‹์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ง์—…์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์ธ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์„ฑ์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์˜์ธํ™” ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํƒ€์žํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋ฏธ์  ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ AI Mirror๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ/๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ์‚ฌ์ง„์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ ์„ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ €๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ง„์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธด ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ/๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ขํ˜€๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์Œ๋ฐฉ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์ผ€์น˜์— ์ƒ‰์น ์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์™„์„ฑํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ API๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ DuetDraw๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์ •์„ฑ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘์—… ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์€ ๊ณผ์—… ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ์ดํ•ด๋„, ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ, ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ์ตœ๊ทผ ํฐ ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ NewsRobot์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. NewsRobot์€ 2018 ํ‰์ฐฝ๋™๊ณ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋‰ด์Šค-์„ ํƒ๋‰ด์Šค, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ-์นด๋“œ-๋™์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์ •์„ฑ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ ํƒ๋‰ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋†’์€ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋‰ด์Šค ์ƒ์„ฑ ์†๋„์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„-์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•จ์˜์ ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.The recent development of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms is affecting our daily lives in numerous areas. Moreover, AI is expected to evolve rapidly, bringing tremendous economic value. However, compared to the attention these technological improvements receive, there is relatively little discussion on human factors and user experience related to AI algorithms. Thus, this thesis aims to better understand how users interact with AI algorithms. Specifically, this work examined algorithm-based humanโ€“AI interaction in four stages, through various modes of human-computer interaction: The first study investigated how people perceive algorithm-based systems using AI, finding that people tend to anthropomorphize as well as alienate them, which is distinct from their perceptions of computers. The second study investigated how people interpret and evaluate the output from AI algorithms through a prototype, AI Mirror, which assigned aesthetic scores to images based on a neural network algorithm. The results revealed that people interpret AI algorithms differently based on their backgrounds, and that they want to understand and communicate with AI systems. The third study investigated how people build a sequence of actions with AI algorithms through a mixed method study using a research prototype called DuetDraw, a drawing tool in which users and AI can draw pictures together. The results showed that people want to lead collaborations while hoping to get appropriate instructions from the AI algorithm. Lastly, a case study on a practical application of AI was conducted with a research prototype called NewsRobot, which automatically generated news articles with different content and styles. Findings showed that users prefer selective news and multimedia news that have more functionality and modality, but at the same time they do not want AI to boast about its ability. With these distinct but intertwined studies, this thesis argues the importance of understanding human factors in the user interfaces of AI-based systems and suggests design principles to this end.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Research Goal 10 1.3 Research Questions 11 1.4 How People Perceive Algorithm-based Systems Using Artificial Intelligence 12 1.5 How People Interpret and Evaluate Algorithm-based Systems Using Artificial Intelligence 13 1.6 How People Build Sequential Actions with Algorithm-Based Systems Using Artificial Intelligence 15 1.7 How People Use a Practical Application of an Algorithm-based Systems Using Artificial Intelligence 17 1.8 Thesis Statement 18 1.9 Contributions 18 1.10 Thesis Overview 20 2 RELATED WORK 22 2.1 Human Perception of AI Algorithms 22 2.1.1 Technophobia 22 2.1.2 Anthropomorphism 23 2.2 Users Interpretation and Evaluation of AI Algorithms 24 2.2.1 Interpretability of Algorithms and Users Concerns 24 2.2.2 Sense-making and Gap between Users and AI algorithms 25 2.2.3 User Control in Intelligent Systems 26 2.3 How People Build Sequential Actions with AI Algorithms 26 2.3.1 AI, Deep Learning, and New UX in Creative Works 27 2.3.2 Communication and Leadership among Users and AI 28 2.4 Practical Design of Algorithm-based Systems Using AI 29 2.4.1 Automated Journalism 30 2.4.2 Personalization of News Content 31 2.4.3 Effect of Multimedia Modality on User Experience 32 3 HOW PEOPLE PERCEIVE ALGORITHM-BASED SYSTEMS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 33 3.1 Motivation 34 3.2 Google DeepMind Challenge Match 36 3.3 Methodology 38 3.3.1 Participant Recruitment 38 3.3.2 Interview Process 39 3.3.3 Interview Analysis 40 3.4 Findings 41 3.4.1 Preconceptions about Artificial Intelligence 41 3.4.2 Confrontation: Us vs. Artificial Intelligence 43 3.4.3 Anthropomorphizing AlphaGo 47 3.4.4 Alienating AlphaGo 49 3.4.5 Concerns about the Future of AI 52 3.5 Limitations 55 3.6 Summary 56 4 HOW PEOPLE INTERPRET AND EVALUATE ALGORITHM-BASED SYSTEMS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 57 4.1 Motivation 58 4.2 AI Mirror 60 4.2.1 Design Goal 60 4.2.2 Image Assessment Algorithm 61 4.2.3 Design of User Interface 61 4.3 Study Design 62 4.3.1 Participant Recruitment 63 4.3.2 Experimental Settings 64 4.3.3 Procedure 65 4.3.4 Analysis Methods 66 4.4 Result 1: Quantitative Analysis 67 4.4.1 Difference 68 4.4.2 Interpretability 69 4.4.3 Reasonability 70 4.5 Result 2: Qualitative Analysis 71 4.5.1 People Understand AI Based on What They Know 71 4.5.2 People Reduce Difference Using Various Strategies 73 4.5.3 People Want to Actively Communicate with AI 76 4.6 Limitations 78 4.7 Conclusion 78 5 HOW PEOPLE BUILD SEQUENTIAL ACTIONS WITH ALGORITHM-BASED SYSTEMS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 80 5.1 Motivation 81 5.2 Duet Draw 84 5.2.1 Five AI Functions of DuetDraw 84 5.2.2 Initiative and Communication Styles of DuetDraw 85 5.3 Study Design 86 5.3.1 Participants 87 5.3.2 Tasks and Procedures 87 5.3.3 Drawing Scenarios 88 5.3.4 Survey 89 5.3.5 Think-aloud and Interview 89 5.3.6 Analysis Methods 90 5.4 Result 1: Quantitative Analysis 92 5.4.1 Detailed Instruction is Preferred over Basic Instruction 93 5.4.2 UX Could Be Worse with Lead-Basic than Assist-Detailed 94 5.4.3 AI is Fun, Useful, Effective, and Efficient 94 5.4.4 No-AI is more Predictable, Comprehensible, and Controllable 95 5.4.5 Even if Predictability is Low, Fun and Interest Can Increase 96 5.5 Result 2: Qualitative Analysis 96 5.5.1 Just Enough Instruction 97 5.5.2 Users Always Want to Lead 99 5.5.3 AI is Similar to Humans But Unpredictable 101 5.5.4 Co-Creation with AI 102 5.6 Limitations 105 5.7 Conclusion 105 6 HOW PEOPLE USE A PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF AN ALGORITHM-BASED SYSTEM USIGN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 107 6.1 Motivation 108 6.2 News Robot 110 6.2.1 Selecting Main Event and Data Source 111 6.2.2 Designing News Article Structure 113 6.2.3 Content and Style 113 6.2.4 Generating News Articles 115 6.2.5 Designing NewsRobot User Interface 116 6.3 Study Design 117 6.3.1 Participants 117 6.3.2 Procedures 118 6.3.3 Analysis Methods 119 6.4 Results 1: Quantitative Analysis 120 6.4.1 Selective News Is Less Credible 120 6.4.2 Users Like Both Multimedia and Personalization 121 6.4.3 Quality of Video Is Not Rated Highest 122 6.4.4 NewsRobot Is Accurate but Not Sensational 123 6.5 Results 2: Qualitative Analysis 124 6.5.1 Users Evaluate NewsRobot Features Highly 124 6.5.2 NewsRobot Is Unbiased but Predictable 127 6.5.3 Benefits and Drawbacks of Using Multimedia 128 6.6 Limitations 130 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 DISCUSSION 131 7.1 Human Perception of AI Algorithms 131 7.1.1 Cognitive Dissonance 131 7.1.2 Beyond Technophobia 132 7.1.3 Toward a New Chapter in Human-Computer Interaction 134 7.1.4 Coping with the Potential Danger 135 7.2 Users Interpretation and Evaluation of AI Algorithms 135 7.2.1 Integrate Diverse Expertise and User Perspectives 136 7.2.2 Take Advantage of Peoples Curiosity about AI Principles 137 7.2.3 Provide AI and Users with Mutual Communication 138 7.3 How People Build Sequential Actions with AI Algorithms 139 7.3.1 Let the User Take the Initiative 140 7.3.2 Provide Just Enough Instruction 140 7.3.3 Embed Interesting Elements in the Interaction 141 7.3.4 Ensure Balance 142 7.4 Practical Design of Algorithm-based Systems Using AI 142 7.4.1 Provide Selective news with Adaptable Interface 142 7.4.2 Present Various Multimedia Elements but Not Too Many 144 7.4.3 Importance of Quality Data and Algorithm Refinement 145 7.5 Principles 146 8 CONCLUSION 148 8.1 Summary of Contributions 149 8.2 Future Directions 150 Bibliography 153 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 173 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 176Docto

    Focused on the Role of Surprise, Threat, and Anthropomorphism

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ด๊ฒฝ๋ฏธ.Art has long been considered a creative domain that is exclusive to human beings, but now people are exposed to artworks created by artificial intelligence (AI). AI can be an autonomous artist and also collaborate with other human artists. It is becoming more important to understand how people feel and think toward artworks created by AI because AI technology is rapidly developing, and AI is seeking to take over domains that are considered to be exclusive to humans. The current research examines whether consumers emotion of interest differs based on the types of artist(s) (AI artist vs. AI and human collaboration vs. human artist) and further examines the effect of anthropomorphism. In study 1, it is proposed that consumers emotion of interest will differ whether the artworks are created by (1) an AI artist, (2) a collaboration between an AI artist and a human artist, or (3) a human artist. Surprise and perceived threat to human uniqueness are suggested as mediators for explaining the effect of artist type on consumers interest. In study 1, 473 participants showed the highest interest when the artist was AI and the lowest interest when the artist was human. There was a significant difference in interest between the AI condition and the human condition. But there was no significant difference in interest between the AI condition and the collaboration condition, and between the collaboration condition and the human condition. The effect of artist type on consumers interest is driven by surprise and perceived threat to human uniqueness. In study 2, it is proposed that consumers interest in the artists paintings will differ whether the artist is (1) an anthropomorphic AI, (2) a non-anthropomorphic AI, or (3) a human. This effect is suggested to be serially mediated by surprise and interest in the artist. In study 2, 290 participants showed higher interest in anthropomorphic AIs paintings than a non-anthropomorphic AIs or human artists paintings. But there was no significant difference in consumers interest in the artists paintings between the non-anthropomorphic condition and the human artist condition. Results support that the effect of anthropomorphism on consumers interest in the artists paintings is serially mediated by surprise and interest in the artist. This research makes theoretical contributions to the literature on AI and marketing by providing information that people are surprised but also threatened by AI art. Consequently, people are interested in art created by AI more than art created by other types of artists. This research makes another theoretical contribution by identifying the underlying psychological mechanisms that are affective and cognitive. The effect of anthropomorphism also suggests that people feel more interest in anthropomorphic AIs paintings than humans or non-anthropomorphic AIs. This research also has a practical implication because companies that make AI art or conduct AI art projects can establish strategic plans for those who may be most interested in AI artworks.์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋” ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” (1) ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์œ ํ˜• (์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ vs. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘์—… vs. ์ธ๊ฐ„)๊ณผ (2) ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์ •๋„ (์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ vs. ์˜์ธํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ vs. ์ธ๊ฐ„)๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ(interest)์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ผ ๋•Œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ผ ๋•Œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์จ ๋†€๋ผ์›€๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ฐ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1 (n = 473)์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ, ํ˜‘์—…, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์›€๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋†€๋ผ์›€๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ฐ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์˜์ธํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์›€๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2 (n = 290)๋Š” ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์˜์ธํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋” ํฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์›€๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์›€๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์˜์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์›€๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜์ธํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์ผ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์„ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4 2.1 Computational Creativity 4 2.2 Artificial Intelligence Art 5 2.3 Surprise and Interest โ€“ Incongruent Emotions 6 2.4 Perceived Threat to Human Uniqueness 9 2.5 Anthropomorphism 10 III. RESEARCH MODEL 13 3.1 Hypotheses 13 3.2 Overview of Studies 15 IV. STUDY 1 17 4.1 Method 17 4.2 Results and Discussion 20 V. STUDY 2 24 5.1 Method 24 5.2 Results and Discussion 27 VI. GENERAL DISCUSSION 31 6.1 Theoretical and Practical Implications 31 6.2 Limitations and Future Research 33 VII. REFERENCES 35 VIII. APPENDIX 43 ์š”์•ฝ(๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 50Maste
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