99,282 research outputs found
Cognitive and motivational constructs in portuguese and chinese students: an exploratory case study
Considering ever-increasing globalization and the context of multicultural societies the need of crosscultural studies is vital for understanding the changes in cultural phenomena and to introduce adaptations in multicultural educational contexts. The culture has an intrinsic relation with the way we think and has also an important function in collective programming of the mind. In this sense, it is important to analyze their relationship with cognitive and motivational constructs, namely the concepts “projects of future”, “subjective happiness”, “satisfaction with life” and “locus of control”. These constructs are essential to psychology since they have significant implications in the adaptation process and behavioral regulation.
Based on these assumptions, the present study is organized as an exploratory case study with a convenience sample limited to a small number of Portuguese and Chinese young people attending a degree in education at the Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Portugal. The findings suggest the existence of coincident aspects in the profiles of the Portuguese and Chinese students in the motivational and cognitive variables analyzed that seems to corroborate the convergence perspective that suggests that the recent socioeconomics changes in Chinese society and ever-increasing globalization contribute to a gradual convergence of concepts and perspectives with the western culture.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
An Emergentist Account of Collective Cognition in Collaborative Problem Solving
As a first step toward an emergentist theory of collective cognition in collaborative problem solving, we present a proto-theoretical account of how one might conceive and model the intersubjective processes that organize collective cognition into one or another--convergent, divergent, or tensive--cognitive regime. To explore the sufficiency of our emergentist proposal we instantiate a minimalist model of intersubjective convergence and simulate the tuning of collective cognition using data from an empirical study of small-group, collaborative problem solving. Using the results of this empirical simulation, we test a number of preliminary hypotheses with regard to patterns of interaction, how those patterns affect a cognitive regime, and how that cognitive regime affects the efficacy of a problem-solving group
Cognitive Feedback in GDSS: Improving Control and Convergence
Cognitive feedback in group decision making is
information that provides decision makers with
a better understanding of their own decision processes and that of the other group members. It
appears to be an effective aid in group decision
making. Although it has been suggested as a potential
feature of group decision support systems
(GDSS), little research has examined its use and
impact. This article investigates the effect of computer
generated cognitive feedback in computer-supported
group decision processes. It views
group decision making as a combination of individual
and collective activity. The article tests
whether cognitive feedback can enhance control
over the individual and collective decision making
processes and can facilitate the process of
convergence among group members. In a
laboratory experiment with groups of three decision
makers. 15 groups received online cognitive
feedback and 15 groups did not. Users receiving
cognitive feedback maintained a higher level
of control over the decision-making process as
their decision strategies converged. This research
indicates that (1) developers should include
cognitive feedback as an integral part of
the GDSS at every level, and (2) they should
design the human-computer interaction so there
is an intuitive and effective transition across the
components of feedback at all levels. Researchers
should extend the concepts explored here to
other models of conflict that deal with ill-structured
decisions, as well as study the impact
of cognitive feedback over time. Finally, researchers
trying to enhance the capabilities of GDSS
should continue examining how to take advantage
of the differences between individual,
interpersonal, and collective decision making
Human Computation and Convergence
Humans are the most effective integrators and producers of information,
directly and through the use of information-processing inventions. As these
inventions become increasingly sophisticated, the substantive role of humans in
processing information will tend toward capabilities that derive from our most
complex cognitive processes, e.g., abstraction, creativity, and applied world
knowledge. Through the advancement of human computation - methods that leverage
the respective strengths of humans and machines in distributed
information-processing systems - formerly discrete processes will combine
synergistically into increasingly integrated and complex information processing
systems. These new, collective systems will exhibit an unprecedented degree of
predictive accuracy in modeling physical and techno-social processes, and may
ultimately coalesce into a single unified predictive organism, with the
capacity to address societies most wicked problems and achieve planetary
homeostasis.Comment: Pre-publication draft of chapter. 24 pages, 3 figures; added
references to page 1 and 3, and corrected typ
Progress and Historical Reflection in Philosophy
What is the epistemic significance of reflecting on a discipline’s past for making progress in that discipline? I assume that the answer to this question negatively correlates with that discipline’s degree of progress over time. If and only if a science is progressive, then what people think or argue in that discipline ceases to be up-to-date. In this paper, I will distinguish different dimensions of disciplinary progress and consequently argue that veritic progress, i.e. collective convergence to truth, is the most important dimension for disciplines with scientific ambitions. I will then argue that, on the one hand, veritic progress in philosophy is more significant than many current philosophers believe, but that, on the other hand, it also has severe limitations. I will offer an explanation of these limitations that suggests that the history of philosophy should play some role, though only a minor one, in systematic philosophy
Mandevillian Intelligence: From Individual Vice to Collective Virtue
Mandevillian intelligence is a specific form of collective intelligence in which individual cognitive shortcomings, limitations and biases play a positive functional role in yielding various forms of collective cognitive success. When this idea is transposed to the epistemological domain, mandevillian intelligence emerges as the idea that individual forms of intellectual vice may, on occasion, support the epistemic performance of some form of multi-agent ensemble, such as a socio-epistemic system, a collective doxastic agent, or an epistemic group agent. As a specific form of collective intelligence, mandevillian intelligence is relevant to a number of debates in social epistemology, especially those that seek to understand how group (or collective) knowledge arises from the interactions between a collection of individual epistemic agents. Beyond this, however, mandevillian intelligence raises issues that are relevant to the research agendas of both virtue epistemology and applied epistemology. From a virtue epistemological perspective, mandevillian intelligence encourages us to adopt a relativistic conception of intellectual vice/virtue, enabling us to see how individual forms of intellectual vice may (sometimes) be relevant to collective forms of intellectual virtue. In addition, mandevillian intelligence is relevant to the nascent sub-discipline of applied epistemology. In particular, mandevillian intelligence forces us see the potential epistemic value of (e.g., technological) interventions that create, maintain or promote individual forms of intellectual vice
Integrative Use of Information Extraction, Semantic Matchmaking and Adaptive Coupling Techniques in Support of Distributed Information Processing and Decision-Making
In order to press maximal cognitive benefit from their social, technological and informational environments, military coalitions need to understand how best to exploit available information assets as well as how best to organize their socially-distributed information processing activities. The International Technology Alliance (ITA) program is beginning to address the challenges associated with enhanced cognition in military coalition environments by integrating a variety of research and development efforts. In particular, research in one component of the ITA ('Project 4: Shared Understanding and Information Exploitation') is seeking to develop capabilities that enable military coalitions to better exploit and distribute networked information assets in the service of collective cognitive outcomes (e.g. improved decision-making). In this paper, we provide an overview of the various research activities in Project 4. We also show how these research activities complement one another in terms of supporting coalition-based collective cognition
Collaborative design : managing task interdependencies and multiple perspectives
This paper focuses on two characteristics of collaborative design with
respect to cooperative work: the importance of work interdependencies linked to
the nature of design problems; and the fundamental function of design
cooperative work arrangement which is the confrontation and combination of
perspectives. These two intrinsic characteristics of the design work stress
specific cooperative processes: coordination processes in order to manage task
interdependencies, establishment of common ground and negotiation mechanisms in
order to manage the integration of multiple perspectives in design
Joint perceptual decision-making: a case study in explanatory pluralism.
Traditionally different approaches to the study of cognition have been viewed as competing explanatory frameworks. An alternative view, explanatory pluralism, regards different approaches to the study of cognition as complementary ways of studying the same phenomenon, at specific temporal and spatial scales, using appropriate methodological tools. Explanatory pluralism has been often described abstractly, but has rarely been applied to concrete cases. We present a case study of explanatory pluralism. We discuss three separate ways of studying the same phenomenon: a perceptual decision-making task (Bahrami et al., 2010), where pairs of subjects share information to jointly individuate an oddball stimulus among a set of distractors. Each approach analyzed the same corpus but targeted different units of analysis at different levels of description: decision-making at the behavioral level, confidence sharing at the linguistic level, and acoustic energy at the physical level. We discuss the utility of explanatory pluralism for describing this complex, multiscale phenomenon, show ways in which this case study sheds new light on the concept of pluralism, and highlight good practices to critically assess and complement approaches
What is Strategic Competence and Does it Matter? Exposition of the Concept and a Research Agenda
Drawing on a range of theoretical and empirical insights from strategic management and the cognitive and organizational sciences, we argue that strategic competence constitutes the ability of organizations and the individuals who operate within them to work within their cognitive limitations in such a way that they are able to maintain an appropriate level of responsiveness to the contingencies confronting them. Using the language of the resource based view of the firm, we argue that this meta-level competence represents a confluence of individual and organizational characteristics, suitably configured to enable the detection of those weak signals indicative of the need for change and to act accordingly, thereby minimising the dangers of cognitive bias and cognitive inertia. In an era of unprecedented informational burdens and instability, we argue that this competence is central to the longer-term survival and well being of the organization. We conclude with a consideration of the major scientific challenges that lie ahead, if the ideas contained within this paper are to be validated
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