3,872 research outputs found

    Islamophobia and the urban (im)mobilities of Muslims : a comparative case study of Sydney, Australia and the San Francisco Bay Area, USA

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    This thesis argues that there is a complex and relational link between race and Muslim mobility which is shaped by global and local processes of Islamophobia. The research uses a social constructivist theoretical approach to racism and insights from the ‘new mobilities’ paradigm – notably, the ‘politics of mobility’ – to examine how the geographies of Islamophobia influence the way young Muslims engage in urban spaces. Empirically, the thesis draws on the findings of two mixed-method case studies, which used web-based surveys and follow-up interviews with young Muslims aged 18-35 years living in Sydney, Australia, and the San Francisco Bay Area, USA. The thesis advances three key contributions. Theoretically, the thesis contributes to emerging debates on the geographies of racism by mapping the spatial imaginaries of Islamophobia from the perspective of the racialised. These findings add nuance to existing research on the geographies of racism that have restricted their analyses to racial attitudes rather than perceptions of racism. Additionally, the research enhances emerging debates on the racialised politics of mobility by exploring how the relationship between race, space and movement shapes Muslim (im)mobility in each city. Finally, the study contributes to comparative urbanisms by uncovering the relational processes as well as contextual variations in how the racialised politics of mobility is both spatialised and negotiated by racialised individuals. The thesis is structured in a ‘PhD by a series of papers’ format, with four results chapters presented in the form of academic journal articles. Three (3) papers are published and one (1) is accepted for publication (in-print). Each paper is introduced with an exegesis that contextualises the research and the papers. The thesis is connected through six (6) additional chapters that form the ‘overarching statement’. Together, the findings highlight the need for local and context-specific anti-racism policy practice, public education campaigns and policy initiatives that respond to the geographies racism according to the spatial imaginaries and lived experiences of racialised groups. Such responses must account for the spatial impacts of past, as well as current socio-political events on racialised (im)mobilities in contemporary urban spaces

    Stratification structure of urban habitats

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    This paper explores the community structure of a network of significant locations in cities as observed from location-based social network data. We present the findings of this analysis at multiple spatial scales. While there is previously observed distinct spatial structure at inter-city level, in a form of catchment areas and functional regions, the exploration of in-city scales provides novel insights. We present the evidence that particular areas in cities stratify into distinct “habitats” of frequently visited locations, featuring both spatially overlapping and disjoint regions. We then quantify this stratification with normalized mutual information which shows different stratification levels for different cities. Our findings have important implications for advancing models of human mobility, studying social exclusion and segregation processes in cities, and are also of interest for geomarketing analysts developing fidelity schemes and promotional programmes

    Detecting Areas of Potential High Prevalence of Chagas in Argentina

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    A map of potential prevalence of Chagas disease (ChD) with high spatial disaggregation is presented. It aims to detect areas outside the Gran Chaco ecoregion (hyperendemic for the ChD), characterized by high affinity with ChD and high health vulnerability. To quantify potential prevalence, we developed several indicators: an Affinity Index which quantifies the degree of linkage between endemic areas of ChD and the rest of the country. We also studied favorable habitability conditions for Triatoma infestans, looking for areas where the predominant materials of floors, roofs and internal ceilings favor the presence of the disease vector. We studied determinants of a more general nature that can be encompassed under the concept of Health Vulnerability Index. These determinants are associated with access to health providers and the socio-economic level of different segments of the population. Finally we constructed a Chagas Potential Prevalence Index (ChPPI) which combines the affinity index, the health vulnerability index, and the population density. We show and discuss the maps obtained. These maps are intended to assist public health specialists, decision makers of public health policies and public officials in the development of cost-effective strategies to improve access to diagnosis and treatment of ChD.Comment: Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference. May 13-17, 2019. San Francisco, CA, US

    Changes in mobility and socioeconomic conditions during the COVID-19 outbreak

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    Since the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, governments have been implementing containment measures aimed at mitigating the spread of the virus, including restrictions to human mobility. The ability to adapt to the pandemic and respond to containment measures can be bound by socioeconomic conditions, which are heterogeneous in large urban areas of low-income and middle-income countries. In this paper, we analyse mobility changes following the implementation of containment measures in Bogotá, Colombia. We characterise the mobility network before and during the pandemic and analyse its evolution and changes between January and July 2020. We observe a general reduction in mobility trends, but the overall connectivity between different areas of the city remains after the lockdown, reflecting the resilience of the mobility network. Then, we estimate a gravity model to assess the effect of socioeconomic conditions on mobility flows. We find that the responses to lockdown policies depend on the socioeconomic conditions of the population. Before the pandemic, the population with better socioeconomic conditions shows higher mobility flows. Since the lockdown, mobility presents a general decrease, but the population with worse socioeconomic conditions shows lower reductions in mobility flows. We conclude by deriving policy implications.Fil: Dueñas, Marco. Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano; ColombiaFil: Campi, Mercedes Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Olmos, Luis E.. University of California; Estados Unidos. Universidad de Medellin; Colombi

    Local Civil Society

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    Epdf and ePUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Drawing on place-based field investigations and new empirical analysis, this original book investigates civil society at local level. The concept of civil society is contested and multifaceted, and this text offers assessment and clarification of debates concerning the intertwining of civil society, the state and local community relations. Analysing two Welsh villages, the authors examine the importance of identity, connection with place and the impact of social and spatial boundaries on the everyday production of civil society. Bringing into focus questions of biography and temporality, the book provides an innovative account of continuities and changes within local civil society during social and economic transformation

    The relative mobility status of Indigenous Australians: Setting the research agenda

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    A project under way at the Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research aims to establish, for the first time, comparative national parameters of Indigenous population mobility with particular reference to four distinct mobility perspectives, namely: the overall propensities to migrate, the net effect of migration on spatial redistribution, patterns of migration flow and resulting spatial networks, and the spatio-temporal sequence of individual movements over the life course. The first step in this process, presented here, involves a comprehensive review of the scope and content of existing research on Indigenous and non-Indigenous population mobility. This summary examination is necessary to identify gaps in understanding and thereby outline likely priorities for future research. The results show that quite different concerns and methodologies are evident in the literature on Indigenous population mobility compared with that pertaining to the movement of the Australian population generally. This, in part, reflects the often distinct cultural, demographic and economic contexts in which mobility occurs, but it is also indicative of a variable disciplinary bias in the analysis of migration. Major deficiencies are revealed in understanding some of the basic facets of Indigenous movement propensities and spatial redistribution relative to what is known for the rest of the population. As far as information regarding migration flows and the sequence of population movements is concerned, this deficit is commonly shared. In order to overcome these gaps in understanding standard techniques of migration analysis using census data are proposed. This paper considers the determinants of employment income for Indigenous Australians compared with non-Indigenous Australians. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression techniques are applied to 1991 Census data to consider the question: does the lower income of these Indigenous people reflect differences in their factor endowments (like education) rewarded in the labour market, or are they rewarded differently for the same set of endowments than are non-Indigenous Australians. The results show that the main source of lower incomes for Indigenous Australians was their smaller endowment of human capital characteristics. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of these results

    Geographies of education and learning

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    Geographies of education and learnin

    La ciudad no es un árbol estático: comprender las áreas urbanas a través de la óptica de los datos de comportamiento en tiempo real

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    Cities are the main ground on which our society and culture develop today and will develop in the future. Against the traditional understanding of cities as physical spaces mostly around our neighborhoods, recent use of large-scale mobility datasets has enabled the study of our behavior at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales, much beyond our static residential spaces. Here we show how it is possible to use these datasets to investigate the role that human behavior plays in traditional urban problems like segregation, public health, or epidemics. Apart from measuring or monitoring such problems in a more comprehensive way, the analysis of those large datasets using modern machine learning techniques or causality detection permits to unveil of the behavioral roots behind them. As a result, only by incorporating real-time behavioral data can we design more efficient policies or interventions to improve such critical societal issues in our urban areas.Las ciudades son el principal terreno sobre el que se desarrollan —y se desarrollarán— nuestra sociedad y cultura. Frente a la concepción tradicional de las ciudades como espacio físico, en torno a nuestros barrios, el uso reciente de grandes conjuntos de datos de movilidad ha permitido estudiar el comportamiento humano a escalas espaciales y temporales sin precedentes, más allá de nuestros espacios residenciales. Este artículo muestra cómo es posible utilizar estos conjuntos de datos para investigar el papel que desempeña el comportamiento humano en problemas urbanos tradicionales como la segregación, la salud pública o las epidemias. Además de medir o monitorizar estos problemas de forma exhaustiva, el análisis de estos grandes conjuntos de datos mediante técnicas de aprendizaje automático o detección de causalidad permite desvelar raíces conductuales detrás de esos problemas. Como resultado, solo incorporando datos de comportamiento en tiempo real podemos diseñar políticas o intervenciones más eficientes que contribuyan a mejorar estos problemas sociales críticos en nuestras áreas urbanas
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