Comprehensive insight into the mechanism, material selection and performance evaluation of supercapatteries

Electrochemical energy storage devices (EESs) play a crucial role for the construction of sustainable energy storage system from the point of generation to the end user due to the intermittent nature of renewable sources. Additionally, to meet the demand for next-generation electronic applications, optimizing the energy and power densities of EESs with long cycle life is the crucial factor. Great efforts have been devoted towards the search for new materials, to augment the overall performance of the EESs. Although there are a lot of ongoing researches in this field, the performance does not meet up to the level of commercialization. A further understanding of the charge storage mechanism and development of new electrode materials are highly required. The present review explains the overview of recent progress in supercapattery devices with reference to their various aspects. The different charge storage mechanisms and the multiple factors involved in the performance of the supercapattery are described in detail. Moreover, recent advancements in this supercapattery research and its electrochemical performances are reviewed. Finally, the challenges and possible future developments in this field are summarized.publishedVersio

Supercapacitor performances of titanium-polymeric nanocomposites: a review study

This review article presents a research and technological investigation on supercapacitors and describes the recent advances of titanium-based materials in these areas. The introduction covers the properties of titanium materials, electrochemical performances of total stored charges, electric double layer capacitance (EDLC), and pseudocapacitance. The following two sections focus on the synthesis and capacitance results of titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) and titanium nitride (TiN), respectively. In the last section of this review, the role of titanium dioxide (TiO2) is demonstrated in the supercapacitors of TiO2-based, carbon/TiO2-based, metal/TiO2-based, and conducting polymer/TiO2 nanocomposites. Many factors affect the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor devices, such as doping process, conductivity, interaction between components of nanocomposite, electrolyte type, and structure type, etc. In the end, future perspectives and challenges are summarized and considered for future TiO2-based nanocomposite supercapacitors. A total of 182 references are cited to understand the effects of TiO2-based materials on supercapacitor device performances. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute.117M042Financial support of this work is provided by TUBITAK, grant no: 117M042. The authors thank the TUBITAK MAG workers for their technical and financial supports

Recent developments of stamped planar micro-supercapacitors: Materials, fabrication and perspectives

The rapid development of wearable and portable electronics has dramatically increased the application for miniaturized energy storage components. Stamping micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with planar interdigital configurations are considered as a promising candidate to meet the requirements. In this review, recent progress of the different stamping materials and various stamping technologies are first discussed. The merits of each material, manufacturing process of each stamping method and the properties of stamping MSCs are scrutinized, respectively. Further insights on technical difficulties and scientific challenges are finally demonstrated, including the limited thickness of printed electrodes, poor overlay accuracy and printing resolution

Chemical engineering of 2D materials for electrochemical energy storage

L'attractivité des supercondensateur réside dans leur complémentarité avec les batteries, en particulier en termes de durée de vie et de puissance. Leur densité d'énergie plus faible reste un inconvénient qui peut être dépassé en travaillant sur les matériaux d'électrode. Au cours e cette thèse, divers matériaux 2D ont permis la formulation d'électrodes présentant de meilleures densités d'énergie. L'intercalation de Cu2+ dans delta-MnO2 par une méthode hydrothermale a conduit à une amélioration fdes performances. Des effets synergiques ont été observés dans des composites à base de MnO2 et Ti3C2-MXene. Ils ont été attribués à l'amélioration de la conductivité électronique apportée par le composant MXene. Pour éviter le ré- empilement des Mxenes exfoliés, des méthodes de templating ont conduit à des matériaux expansés et des mousses. Une couche de MXene à la surface de fibres de carbone modifiée par physisorption de molécules rédox-actives a augmenté fortement la cyclabilité de l'électrode.Supercapacitors attractiveness lies in their complementarity with batteries, especially in terms of expended lifespan and greater power density. Their lower energy density however remains a drawback and the electrode material design and composition play a crucial role to address it. During this thesis work, various 2D materials were used to fabricate electrodes with enhanced energy densities. An hydrothermal method was explored using delta-MnO2 for Cu2+ intercalation leading to performance improvement. Attractive synergistic effects were evidenced in composite materials based on 2D pseudocapacitive MnO2 and Ti3C2-MXene. They have been assigned to electronic conductivity improvement from MXene component. To prevent the restacking of exfoliated MXene, template-assisted syntheses led to expanded MXene and foam. An MXene coating was deposited at the surface of carbon fibers modified by physisorbed redox-active organic salts, promoting efficient charge storage and stabilizing the assemble

Nanocellulose/zero, one- and two-dimensional inorganic additive based electrodes for advanced supercapacitors

Nowadays, the growing threat of environmental pollution and the energy crisis have accelerated the advancement of sustainable energy sources and highly efficient energy storage technologies. Supercapacitors' outstanding efficiency and accessibility have attracted much interest in portable electronics. However, compared to other energy storage devices, commercially available supercapacitors offer minimal advantages, and it is also very difficult to balance their electrochemical performance, such as cyclability, energy density, and capacitance. Fabricating high-performance supercapacitors with attractive electrical parameters and flexibility depends on the composition of the electrodes. Nanocellulose, which is derived from waste biomass because of its high mechanical strength, strong chemical reactivity, and biodegradability, has been used to integrate 2D, 1D, and zero-dimensional inorganic additive materials to develop a promising material for supercapacitor electrodes. The present review summarises recent advancements in the progress of nanocellulose/2D-, 1D-, and zero-dimensional inorganic material-based composite electrodes for their application in supercapacitors. Different strategies for developing nanocellulose/inorganic additive-based composite electrodes are reviewed, and subsequently, the potential of nanocellulose/multidimensional inorganic additive-based electrodes in supercapacitors is fully elaborated. In the end, current challenges and future directions for the development finally, current challenges and future directions for developing nano cellulose-based nanocomposite electrodes in supercapacitors were also discussed.</p

Emerging two-dimensional (2D) MXene-based nanostructured materials:Synthesis strategies, properties, and applications as efficient pseudo-supercapacitors

Supercapacitors, which are essential for addressing modern energy challenges, possess outstanding energy storage capabilities without requiring manual maintenance. However, their low energy density and capacity limit their applicability for electrode materials. Recently, two-dimensional materials (2D), and particularly 2D transition metal carbonitrides (MXenes) have attracted considerable interest for developing energy storage devices because of their large specific surface area and fast ion-transport pathways. MXenes mainly comprise a transition metal (M) layer, carbon and/or nitrogen (X) layer, and active functional groups exterior to the layer. Metallic properties of the M layer offer excellent pseudocapacitance characteristics, while X layer is characterized by abundant active sites and conductivity similar to that of graphene. Compared with conventional materials, the existence of various functional groups on the surface of MXenes endows them with stronger hydrophilicity and higher wettability in aqueous electrolytes, which, combined with their diverse frame structures and functional group combinations, significantly augment their applicability for energy storage devices. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize and analyze the research results on MXenses. This review addresses the applications of MXenes in energy storage supercapacitors along with current challenges and solutions including intercalation, doping, surface modification methods, and heterogeneous structures. Finally, the prominent contemporary research trends are comparatively discussed to promote research and development in this field in the near future.</p

Ti3C2Tx MXene/alginate‑based electrodes for supercapacitors.

The promising application of MXenes in energy storage-based solutions is seriously afected by stacking processes that reduce available active sites for charge accumulation. Incorporating MXene into biopolymer templates represents a promising strategy to avoid aggregation of active electrochemical compounds, resulting in the optimization of the specifc capacitance and energy/power density. Herein, the production of Ti3C2Tx/alginate composites is explored as a part of a strategy to reduce the aggregation degree in MXene while preserving the electrical output performance of the overall electrode. By efectively incorporating MXene into sodium alginate-based electrodes, the energy density and power density of a 2-electrode device were 10.2 Wh kg–1 and 1724.1 W kg–1, respectively. This paper highlights a competitive device prototype with a reduced MXene content compared to a pure MXene electrode, signifcantly lowering the final cost of the resulting supercapacitor due to the lower density of the active electrochemical fller

Electrochemical Performance of Niobium MXenes with Lanthanum

MXenes are the newest class of two-dimensional nanomaterials characterized by large surface area, high conductivity, and hydrophilicity. To further improve their performance for use in energy storage devices, heteroatoms or functional groups can be inserted into the Mxenes’ structure increasing their stability. This work proposes insertion of lanthanum atoms into niobium-MXene (Nb-MX/La) that was characterized in terms of morphogy, structure, and electrochemical behavior. The addition of La to the Nb-MXene structure was essential to increase the spacing between the layers, improving the interaction with the electrolyte and enabling charge/discharge cycling in a higher potential window and at higher current densities. Nb-MX/La achieved a specific capacitance of up to 157 mF cm-2, a specific capacity of 42 mAh cm-2 at 250 mV s-1, a specific power of 37.5 mW cm-2, and a specific energy of 14.1 mWh cm-2 after 1000 charge/discharge cycles at 50 mA cm-