Typed Norms for Typed Logic Programs

As typed logic programming becomes more mainstream, system building tools like partial deduction systems will need to be mapped from untyped languages to typed ones. It is important, however, when mapping techniques across that the new techniques should exploit the type system as much as possible. in this paper, we show how norms which play a crucial role in termination analysis, can be generated from the prescribed types of a logic program. Interestingly, the types highlight restrictions of earlier norms and suggest how these norms can be extended to obtain some very general and powerful notions of norm which can be used to measure any term in an almost arbitrary way. We see our work on norm derivation as a contribution to the termination analysis of typed logic programs which, in particular, forms an essential part of offline partial deduction systems

A Transformational Approach to Resource Analysis with Typed-Norms

In order to automatically infer the resource consumption of programs, analyzers track how data sizes change along a program s execution. Typically, analyzers measure the sizes of data by applying norms which are mappings from data to natural numbers that represent the sizes of the corresponding data. When norms are defined by taking type information into account, they are named typed-norms. The main contribution of this paper is a transformational approach to resource analysis with typed-norms. The analysis is based on a transformation of the program into an intermediate abstract program in which each variable is abstracted with respect to all considered norms which are valid for its type. We also sketch a simple analysis that can be used to automatically infer the required, useful, typed-norms from programs.This work was funded partially by the EU project FP7-ICT-610582 ENVISAGE: Engineering Virtualized Services (http://www.envisage-project.eu) and by the Spanish projects TIN2008-05624 and TIN2012-38137. Raúl Gutiérrez is also partially supported by a Juan de la Cierva Fellowship from the Spanish MINECO, ref. JCI-2012-13528.Albert Albiol, EM.; Genaim, S.; Gutiérrez Gil, R. (2014). A Transformational Approach to Resource Analysis with Typed-Norms. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 8901:38-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14125-1_3S38538901Albert, E., Arenas, P., Genaim, S., Gómez-Zamalloa, M., Puebla, G.: Cost Analysis of Concurrent OO Programs. In: Yang, H. (ed.) APLAS 2011. LNCS, vol. 7078, pp. 238–254. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)Albert, E., Arenas, P., Genaim, S., Puebla, G., Zanardini, D.: Cost Analysis of Java Bytecode. In: De Nicola, R. (ed.) ESOP 2007. LNCS, vol. 4421, pp. 157–172. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)Albert, E., Arenas, P., Genaim, S., Puebla, G., Zanardini, D.: Removing Useless Variables in Cost Analysis of Java Bytecode. In: Proc. of SAC 2008, pp. 368–375. ACM (2008)Alonso, D., Arenas, P., Genaim, S.: Handling Non-linear Operations in the Value Analysis of COSTA. In: Proc. of BYTECODE 2011. ENTCS, vol. 279, pp. 3–17. Elsevier (2011)Bossi, A., Cocco, N., Fabris, M.: Proving Termination of Logic Programs by Exploiting Term Properties. In: Proc. of TAPSOFT 1991. LNCS, vol. 494, pp. 153–180. Springer (1991)Bruynooghe, M., Codish, M., Gallagher, J., Genaim, S., Vanhoof, W.: Termination Analysis of Logic Programs through Combination of Type-Based norms. TOPLAS 29(2), Art. 10 (2007)Claessen, K., Hughes, J.: QuickCheck: A Lightweight Tool for Random Testing of Haskell Programs. In: Proc. of ICFP 2000, pp. 268–279. ACM (2000)Fähndrich, M.: Static Verification for Code Contracts. In: Cousot, R., Martel, M. (eds.) SAS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6337, pp. 2–5. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)Genaim, S., Codish, M., Gallagher, J.P., Lagoon, V.: Combining Norms to Prove Termination. In: Cortesi, A. (ed.) VMCAI 2002. LNCS, vol. 2294, pp. 123–138. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)Johnsen, E.B., Hähnle, R., Schäfer, J., Schlatte, R., Steffen, M.: ABS: A Core Language for Abstract Behavioral Specification. In: Aichernig, B.K., de Boer, F.S., Bonsangue, M.M. (eds.) Formal Methods for Components and Objects. LNCS, vol. 6957, pp. 142–164. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)King, A., Shen, K., Benoy, F.: Lower-bound Time-complexity Analysis of Logic Programs. In: Proc. of ILPS 1997, pp. 261–275. MIT Press (1997)Serrano, A., Lopez-Garcia, P., Bueno, F., Hermenegildo, M.: Sized Type Analysis for Logic Programs. In: Tech. Comms. of ICLP 2013. Cambridge U. Press (2013) (to appear)Spoto, F., Mesnard, F., Payet, É.: A Termination Analyser for Java Bytecode based on Path-Length. TOPLAS 32(3), Art. 8 (2010)Vallée-Rai, R., Hendren, L., Sundaresan, V., Lam, P., Gagnon, E., Co, P.: Soot - a Java Optimization Framework. In: Proc. of CASCON 1999. pp. 125–135. IBM (1999)Vasconcelos, P.: Space Cost Analysis using Sized Types. Ph.D. thesis, School of CS, University of St. Andrews (2008)Vasconcelos, P.B., Hammond, K.: Inferring Cost Equations for Recursive, Polymorphic and Higher-Order Functional Programs. In: Trinder, P., Michaelson, G.J., Peña, R. (eds.) IFL 2003. LNCS, vol. 3145, pp. 86–101. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)Wegbreit, B.: Mechanical Program Analysis. Commun. ACM 18(9), 528–539 (1975

Knowledge Representation Concepts for Automated SLA Management

Outsourcing of complex IT infrastructure to IT service providers has increased substantially during the past years. IT service providers must be able to fulfil their service-quality commitments based upon predefined Service Level Agreements (SLAs) with the service customer. They need to manage, execute and maintain thousands of SLAs for different customers and different types of services, which needs new levels of flexibility and automation not available with the current technology. The complexity of contractual logic in SLAs requires new forms of knowledge representation to automatically draw inferences and execute contractual agreements. A logic-based approach provides several advantages including automated rule chaining allowing for compact knowledge representation as well as flexibility to adapt to rapidly changing business requirements. We suggest adequate logical formalisms for representation and enforcement of SLA rules and describe a proof-of-concept implementation. The article describes selected formalisms of the ContractLog KR and their adequacy for automated SLA management and presents results of experiments to demonstrate flexibility and scalability of the approach.Comment: Paschke, A. and Bichler, M.: Knowledge Representation Concepts for Automated SLA Management, Int. Journal of Decision Support Systems (DSS), submitted 19th March 200

Adolescents\u27 educational and occupational aspirations and valuation of characteristics of friends: An investigation of changes in sex-typing over three decades.

The present study investigated possible changes from 1973 to 2002 in the extent to which the occupational aspirations, educational aspirations, and valuation of characteristics of friends among adolescents are sex-typed. The data for this study were based on a survey administered to four cohorts of grade 10 students in the same three high schools in 1973, 1985, 1991, and 2002. Based on the expectation that each successive cohort of students would have been exposed to greater flexibility in gender-role norms and to a corresponding increase in the number of role models in those jobs traditionally held by members of the opposite sex, it was hypothesized that, across the four cohort years, students would show less sex typing in their occupational and educational aspirations. In addition, changes in the sex-typed characteristics that each successive cohort sample of students value in their same- and opposite-sex friends were explored. Overall, the findings indicate that there has been a decline in males\u27 and females\u27 sex-typed attitudes across the four cohort years. More specifically, the results show that males and females are aspiring to less sex-typed occupations and have less sex-typed educational aspirations. Furthermore, the results show that males value less sex-typed characteristics in their female friends, but continue to value sex-typed characteristics in their male friends and females value less sex-typed characteristics in both their male and female friends. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis2005 .M47. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 44-03, page: 1537. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 2005

The internet milieu: individualization within a globalised community

Communication technologies have become deeply embedded in our lives, mediating the ways in which information is presented. Due to the global nature of this channel of communication, the world has shrunk and members of the internet may share similar cultural norms of thinking and behaving. Yet, paradoxically, the Internet is personal in that each individual has an interactive opportunity in choosing the options that can expand the breadth and depth of the information they are reading, who they interact with, and the means to achieve that interaction. These options can be expressed through a variety of media techniques. This paper is based on a study of selected websites hosted in English. It looks at language use in the Internet and illustrates the paradoxes between global and individual mediations of meanin

Thinking Twice about Virtue and Vice: Philosophical Situationism and the Vicious Minds Hypothesis

This paper provides an empirical defense of credit theories of knowing against Mark Alfano’s challenges to them based on his theses of inferential cognitive situationism and of epistemic situationism. In order to support the claim that credit theories can treat many cases of cognitive success through heuristic cognitive strategies as credit-conferring, the paper develops the compatibility between virtue epistemologies qua credit theories, and dual-process theories in cognitive psychology. It also a response to Lauren Olin and John Doris’ “vicious minds” thesis, and their “tradeoff problem” for virtue theories. A genuine convergence between virtue epistemology and dual-process theory is called for, while acknowledging that this effort may demand new and more empirically well-informed projects on both sides of the division between Conservative virtue epistemology (including the credit theory of knowing) and Autonomous virtue epistemology (including projects for providing guidance to epistemic agents)

Developing National Character Through Mathematics Instruction Via Mathematics Instruction With Problem-Based Learning In Jigsaw Typed Cooperative Setting

National character which is the goal of national education is the intelligent character based on the value of faith, piousness, and noble qualities. Mathematics instruction oriented towards the development of learners’ potential most strategically contributes to the accomplishment of the goal. One of learning alternatives which can develop national character is mathematics instruction with problem based learning (PBL) in Jigsaw typed cooperative setting. Key words: problem-based, Jigsaw, characte

Developing National Character Through Mathematics Instruction Via Mathematics Instruction With Problem-Based Learning In Jigsaw Typed Cooperative Setting

National character which is the goal of national education is the intelligent character based on the value of faith, piousness, and noble qualities. Mathematics instruction oriented towards the development of learners’ potential most strategically contributes to the accomplishment of the goal. One of learning alternatives which can develop national character is mathematics instruction with problem based learning (PBL) in Jigsaw typed cooperative setting. Key words: problem-based, Jigsaw, characte

Girls like pink: Explaining sex-typed occupational aspirations amongst young children

There is a high degree of sex-typing in young children's occupational aspirations and this has consequences for subsequent occupational segregation. Sociologists typically attribute early sex-differences in occupational preferences to gender socialization. Yet we still know surprisingly little about the mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of sex-typical preferences and there is considerable theoretical controversy regarding the role of individual agency in the process of preference formation. This study analyzes the determinants of sex-typed occupational aspirations amongst British children aged between 11 and 15. We specify different mechanisms involved in the transmission of sex-typical preferences and propose an innovative definition of individual agency that is anchored in observable psychological traits linked to self-direction. This allows us to perform a simultaneous test of socialization and agency predictors of occupational sex-typing. We find that parental influences on occupational preferences operate mainly through three distinctive channels: 1) the effect that parental socio-economic resources have on the scope of children‘s occupational aspirations, 2) children's direct imitation of parental occupations, and 3) children's learning of sex-typed roles via the observation of parental behavior. We also find a strong net effect of children's own psychological predispositions —self-esteem in particular— on the incidence of sex-typical occupational preferences. Yet large differences in the occupational aspirations of girls and boys remain unexplained.Gender segregation; occupational aspirations; children; socialization; agency; personality traits; mechanisms; british household panel survey