Bacterially Speaking

Bacteria use a variety of means to communicate with one another and with their eukaryotic hosts. In some cases, social interactions allow bacteria to synchronize the behavior of all of the members of the group and thereby act like multicellular organisms. By contrast, some bacterial social engagements promote individuality among members within the group and thereby foster diversity. Here we explore the molecular mechanisms underpinning some recently discovered bacterial communication systems. These include long- and short-range chemical signaling channels; one-way, two-way, and multi-way communication; contact-mediated and contact-inhibited signaling; and the use and spread of misinformation or, more dramatically, even deadly information

Key distribution in PKC through Quantas

Cryptography literally means "The art & science of secret writing & sending a message between two parties in such a way that its contents cannot be understood by someone other than the intended recipient". and Quantum word is related with "Light". Thus, Quantum Cryptography is a way of descripting any information in the form of quantum particles. There are no classical cryptographic systems which are perfectly secure. In contrast to Classical cryptography which depends upon Mathematics, Quantum Cryptography utilizes the concepts of Quantum Physics which provides us the security against the cleverest marauders of the present age. In the view of increasing need of Network and Information Security, we do require methods to overcome the Molecular Computing technologies (A future technology) and other techniques of the various codebrakers. Both the parts i.e. Quantum Key distribution and Information transference from Sender to Receiver are much efficient and secure. It is based upon BB84 protocol. It can be of great use for Govt. agencies such as Banks, Insurance, Brokerages firms, financial institutions, e-commerce and most important is the Defense & security of any country. It is a Cryptographic communication system in which the original users can detect unauthorized eavesdropper and in addition it gives a guarantee of no eavesdropping. It proves to be the ultra secure mode of communication b/w two intended parties.Comment: 11 Pages, JGraph-Hoc Journal 201

Experimental Research in Synthetic Molecular Communications -- Part II: Long-Range Communication

In this second part of our survey on experimental research in Synthetic Molecular Communication (SMC), we review works on long-range SMC systems, i.e., systems with communication ranges of more than a few millimeters. Despite the importance of experimental research for the evolution of SMC towards a mature communication paradigm that will eventually support revolutionary applications beyond the reach of today's prevalent communication paradigms, the existing body of literature is still comparatively sparse. Long-range SMC systems have been proposed in the literature for information transmission in two types of fluid media, liquid and air. While both types of SMC systems, liquid-based and air-based systems, rely on encoding and transmitting information using molecules, they differ substantially in terms of the physical system designs and in the type of applications they are intended for. In this paper, we present a systematic characterization of experimental works on long-range SMC that reveals the major drivers of these works in terms of the respective target applications. Furthermore, the physical designs for long-range SMC proposed in the literature are comprehensively reviewed. In this way, our survey will contribute to making experimental research in this field more accessible and identifying novel directions for future research.Comment: 10 pages, 2 tables, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in the IEEE Nanotechnology Magazin

Shotguns vs Lasers: Identifying barriers and facilitators to scaling-up plant molecular farming for high-value health products.

Plant molecular farming (PMF) is a convenient and cost-effective way to produce high-value recombinant proteins that can be used in the production of a range of health products, from pharmaceutical therapeutics to cosmetic products. New plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) provide a means to enhance PMF systems more quickly and with greater precision than ever before. However, the feasibility, regulatory standing and social acceptability of both PMF and NPBTs are in question. This paper explores the perceptions of key stakeholders on two European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 programmes-Pharma-Factory and Newcotiana-towards the barriers and facilitators of PMF and NPBTs in Europe. One-on-one qualitative interviews were undertaken with N = 20 individuals involved in one or both of the two projects at 16 institutions in seven countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Israel, Spain and the UK). The findings indicate that the current EU regulatory environment and the perception of the public towards biotechnology are seen as the main barriers to scaling-up PMF and NPBTs. Competition from existing systems and the lack of plant-specific regulations likewise present challenges for PMF developing beyond its current niche. However, respondents felt that the communication of the benefits and purpose of NPBT PMF could provide a platform for improving the social acceptance of genetic modification. The importance of the media in this process was highlighted. This article also uses the multi-level perspective to explore the ways in which NPBTs are being legitimated by interested parties and the systemic factors that have shaped and are continuing to shape the development of PMF in Europe

Communication through complex media: a novel interdisciplinary paradigm to bridge information theory and multi-scale flow and transport theory

Molecular communication (MC) is a relatively new type of communication which makes use of particles to transmit information. The movement towards particle transfer is appealing as it broadens the range of what we can communicate through (more) efficiently, such as porous mediums. The applications of MC systems are vast, ranging from medical treatments to industrial problems. In this thesis, we combine fluid mechanics and communication theory with the aim to understand MC in a mathematical framework. This approach is still in its infancy, progressing the idea of combining these two fields, providing a solid mathematical basis which can be used for future research in information transfer. In an effort to step further into work done on the study of transport models, specifically work which took the fluid mechanical perspective of studying transport models, an extension is put forward; introducing ideas from communication theory such as transmission, modulation, reception, and demodulation, to find an optimal way of sending information across a porous medium. We begin here, rethinking what it might mean to have a general modulating function; the idea of allowing for a negative (concentration) signal to transmit information opens up the possibility of using functions which are not used in molecular communication as of yet. This gives rise to the novelty of this report, which is the use of biorthogonal functions. We use a generic transfer function and make use of both the modulating- and demodulating- functions. These functions lead to the idea of using orthogonality conditions to help in the optimization process. The idea of combining transport models with communication theory has the potential to open new avenues of research. We believe this can lead to promising results in the future for molecular communication, and perhaps communication in general

Communication through complex media: a novel interdisciplinary paradigm to bridge information theory and multi-scale flow and transport theory

Molecular communication (MC) is a relatively new type of communication which makes use of particles to transmit information. The movement towards particle transfer is appealing as it broadens the range of what we can communicate through (more) efficiently, such as porous mediums. The applications of MC systems are vast, ranging from medical treatments to industrial problems. In this thesis, we combine fluid mechanics and communication theory with the aim to understand MC in a mathematical framework. This approach is still in its infancy, progressing the idea of combining these two fields, providing a solid mathematical basis which can be used for future research in information transfer. In an effort to step further into work done on the study of transport models, specifically work which took the fluid mechanical perspective of studying transport models, an extension is put forward; introducing ideas from communication theory such as transmission, modulation, reception, and demodulation, to find an optimal way of sending information across a porous medium. We begin here, rethinking what it might mean to have a general modulating function; the idea of allowing for a negative (concentration) signal to transmit information opens up the possibility of using functions which are not used in molecular communication as of yet. This gives rise to the novelty of this report, which is the use of biorthogonal functions. We use a generic transfer function and make use of both the modulating- and demodulating- functions. These functions lead to the idea of using orthogonality conditions to help in the optimization process. The idea of combining transport models with communication theory has the potential to open new avenues of research. We believe this can lead to promising results in the future for molecular communication, and perhaps communication in general

Chemical communication between synthetic and natural cells: a possible experimental design

The bottom-up construction of synthetic cells is one of the most intriguing and interesting research arenas in synthetic biology. Synthetic cells are built by encapsulating biomolecules inside lipid vesicles (liposomes), allowing the synthesis of one or more functional proteins. Thanks to the in situ synthesized proteins, synthetic cells become able to perform several biomolecular functions, which can be exploited for a large variety of applications. This paves the way to several advanced uses of synthetic cells in basic science and biotechnology, thanks to their versatility, modularity, biocompatibility, and programmability. In the previous WIVACE (2012) we presented the state-of-the-art of semi-synthetic minimal cell (SSMC) technology and introduced, for the first time, the idea of chemical communication between synthetic cells and natural cells. The development of a proper synthetic communication protocol should be seen as a tool for the nascent field of bio/chemical-based Information and Communication Technologies (bio-chem-ICTs) and ultimately aimed at building soft-wet-micro-robots. In this contribution (WIVACE, 2013) we present a blueprint for realizing this project, and show some preliminary experimental results. We firstly discuss how our research goal (based on the natural capabilities of biological systems to manipulate chemical signals) finds a proper place in the current scientific and technological contexts. Then, we shortly comment on the experimental approaches from the viewpoints of (i) synthetic cell construction, and (ii) bioengineering of microorganisms, providing up-to-date results from our laboratory. Finally, we shortly discuss how autopoiesis can be used as a theoretical framework for defining synthetic minimal life, minimal cognition, and as bridge between synthetic biology and artificial intelligence.Comment: In Proceedings Wivace 2013, arXiv:1309.712