Evaluation of the sparse coding shrinkage noise reduction algorithm for the hearing impaired

Although there are numerous single-channel noise reduction strategies to improve speech perception in a noisy environment, most of them can only improve speech quality but not improve speech intelligibility for normal hearing (NH) or hearing impaired (HI) listeners. Exceptions that can improve speech intelligibility currently are only those that require a priori statistics of speech or noise. Most of the noise reduction algorithms in hearing aids are adopted directly from the algorithms for NH listeners without taking into account of the hearing loss factors within HI listeners. HI listeners suffer more in speech intelligibility than NH listeners in the same noisy environment. Further study of monaural noise reduction algorithms for HI listeners is required.The motivation is to adapt a model-based approach in contrast to the conventional Wiener filtering approach. The model-based algorithm called sparse coding shrinkage (SCS) was proposed to extract key speech information from noisy speech. The SCS algorithm was evaluated by comparison with another state-of-the-art Wiener filtering approach through speech intelligibility and quality tests using 9 NH and 9 HI listeners. The SCS algorithm matched the performance of the Wiener filtering algorithm in speech intelligibility and speech quality. Both algorithms showed some intelligibility improvements for HI listeners but not at all for NH listeners. The algorithms improved speech quality for both HI and NH listeners.Additionally, a physiologically-inspired hearing loss simulation (HLS) model was developed to characterize hearing loss factors and simulate hearing loss consequences. A methodology was proposed to evaluate signal processing strategies for HI listeners with the proposed HLS model and NH subjects. The corresponding experiment was performed by asking NH subjects to listen to unprocessed/enhanced speech with the HLS model. Some of the effects of the algorithms seen in HI listeners are reproduced, at least qualitatively, by using the HLS model with NH listeners.Conclusions: The model-based algorithm SCS is promising for improving performance in stationary noise although no clear difference was seen in the performance of SCS and a competitive Wiener filtering algorithm. Fluctuating noise is more difficult to reduce compared to stationary noise. Noise reduction algorithms may perform better at higher input signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) where HI listeners can get benefit but where NH listeners already reach ceiling performance. The proposed HLS model can save time and cost when evaluating noise reduction algorithms for HI listeners

Methods of Optimizing Speech Enhancement for Hearing Applications

Speech intelligibility in hearing applications suffers from background noise. One of the most effective solutions is to develop speech enhancement algorithms based on the biological traits of the auditory system. In humans, the medial olivocochlear (MOC) reflex, which is an auditory neural feedback loop, increases signal-in-noise detection by suppressing cochlear response to noise. The time constant is one of the key attributes of the MOC reflex as it regulates the variation of suppression over time. Different time constants have been measured in nonhuman mammalian and human auditory systems. Physiological studies reported that the time constant of nonhuman mammalian MOC reflex varies with the properties (e.g. frequency, bandwidth) changes of the stimulation. A human based study suggests that time constant could vary when the bandwidth of the noise is changed. Previous works have developed MOC reflex models and successfully demonstrated the benefits of simulating the MOC reflex for speech-in-noise recognition. However, they often used fixed time constants. The effect of the different time constants on speech perception remains unclear. The main objectives of the present study are (1) to study the effect of the MOC reflex time constant on speech perception in different noise conditions; (2) to develop a speech enhancement algorithm with dynamic time constant optimization to adapt to varying noise conditions for improving speech intelligibility. The first part of this thesis studies the effect of the MOC reflex time constants on speech-in-noise perception. Conventional studies do not consider the relationship between the time constants and speech perception as it is difficult to measure the speech intelligibility changes due to varying time constants in human subjects. We use a model to investigate the relationship by incorporating Meddis’ peripheral auditory model (which includes a MOC reflex) with an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. The effect of the MOC reflex time constant is studied by adjusting the time constant parameter of the model and testing the speech recognition accuracy of the ASR. Different time constants derived from human data are evaluated in both speech-like and non-speech like noise at the SNR levels from -10 dB to 20 dB and clean speech condition. The results show that the long time constants (≥1000 ms) provide a greater improvement of speech recognition accuracy at SNR levels≤10 dB. Maximum accuracy improvement of 40% (compared to no MOC condition) is shown in pink noise at the SNR of 10 dB. Short time constants (<1000 ms) show recognition accuracy over 5% higher than the longer ones at SNR levels ≥15 dB. The second part of the thesis develops a novel speech enhancement algorithm based on the MOC reflex with a time constant that is dynamically optimized, according to a lookup table for varying SNRs. The main contributions of this part include: (1) So far, the existing SNR estimation methods are challenged in cases of low SNR, nonstationary noise, and computational complexity. High computational complexity would increase processing delay that causes intelligibility degradation. A variance of spectral entropy (VSE) based SNR estimation method is developed as entropy based features have been shown to be more robust in the cases of low SNR and nonstationary noise. The SNR is estimated according to the estimated VSE-SNR relationship functions by measuring VSE of noisy speech. Our proposed method has an accuracy of 5 dB higher than other methods especially in the babble noise with fewer talkers (2 talkers) and low SNR levels (< 0 dB), with averaging processing time only about 30% of the noise power estimation based method. The proposed SNR estimation method is further improved by implementing a nonlinear filter-bank. The compression of the nonlinear filter-bank is shown to increase the stability of the relationship functions. As a result, the accuracy is improved by up to 2 dB in all types of tested noise. (2) A modification of Meddis’ MOC reflex model with a time constant dynamically optimized against varying SNRs is developed. The model incudes simulated inner hair cell response to reduce the model complexity, and now includes the SNR estimation method. Previous MOC reflex models often have fixed time constants that do not adapt to varying noise conditions, whilst our modified MOC reflex model has a time constant dynamically optimized according to the estimated SNRs. The results show a speech recognition accuracy of 8 % higher than the model using a fixed time constant of 2000 ms in different types of noise. (3) A speech enhancement algorithm is developed based on the modified MOC reflex model and implemented in an existing hearing aid system. The performance is evaluated by measuring the objective speech intelligibility metric of processed noisy speech. In different types of noise, the proposed algorithm increases intelligibility at least 20% in comparison to unprocessed noisy speech at SNRs between 0 dB and 20 dB, and over 15 % in comparison to processed noisy speech using the original MOC based algorithm in the hearing aid

Objective Assessment of Machine Learning Algorithms for Speech Enhancement in Hearing Aids

Speech enhancement in assistive hearing devices has been an area of research for many decades. Noise reduction is particularly challenging because of the wide variety of noise sources and the non-stationarity of speech and noise. Digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms deployed in modern hearing aids for noise reduction rely on certain assumptions on the statistical properties of undesired signals. This could be disadvantageous in accurate estimation of different noise types, which subsequently leads to suboptimal noise reduction. In this research, a relatively unexplored technique based on deep learning, i.e. Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), is used to perform noise reduction and dereverberation for assisting hearing-impaired listeners. For noise reduction, the performance of the deep learning model was evaluated objectively and compared with that of open Master Hearing Aid (openMHA), a conventional signal processing based framework, and a Deep Neural Network (DNN) based model. It was found that the RNN model can suppress noise and improve speech understanding better than the conventional hearing aid noise reduction algorithm and the DNN model. The same RNN model was shown to reduce reverberation components with proper training. A real-time implementation of the deep learning model is also discussed

DEVELOPMENT OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED BINAURAL DIGITAL HEARING AIDS FOR HEARING-IMPAIRED PEOPLE

This research paper expounds microcontroller based binaural digital hearing aids for hearing-impaired people by making use of ATmega328 microcontroller and other circuitries to process the audio signal input by either increasing or reducing the gain level of input audio signal, filter background noise, frequencies compression, save battery power and minimize circuit by making use of the internal ADC of the microcontroller and two PMW pins of the microcontroller as DAC. Hearing impairment among the youths and adults nowadays are in the increase, due wrong use of phones of which every minute of the day someone’s earphone is on listening to one type of music or the other. In other to solve the problem created so to say this research work was conceived and given birth to. The different stages of digital hearing aid are designed and then simulated first in Proteus software which then was implemented using PCB-board. The main components of this system were the audio input unit which consists of the microphone and its pre-amplifier, the microcontroller (ATmega328) which consists of the ADC, the DAC and the audio signal processing, the filter stage and control codes (frequencies compression codes, power saver codes, acoustic feedback control codes, signal level control and adaptive adjustment codes etc.), the power amplifier and volume control unit and then the earphones (output). The control codes were written in C language while Ardinuo Uno compiler was used to write the codes into ATmega328.  The prototype has an overall system gain of 27dB and the power output of 32.5mW. The prototype was tested with a patient that has a hearing impairment and the patient was satisfactory with the device. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.3

Coding Strategies for Cochlear Implants Under Adverse Environments

Cochlear implants are electronic prosthetic devices that restores partial hearing in patients with severe to profound hearing loss. Although most coding strategies have significantly improved the perception of speech in quite listening conditions, there remains limitations on speech perception under adverse environments such as in background noise, reverberation and band-limited channels, and we propose strategies that improve the intelligibility of speech transmitted over the telephone networks, reverberated speech and speech in the presence of background noise. For telephone processed speech, we propose to examine the effects of adding low-frequency and high- frequency information to the band-limited telephone speech. Four listening conditions were designed to simulate the receiving frequency characteristics of telephone handsets. Results indicated improvement in cochlear implant and bimodal listening when telephone speech was augmented with high frequency information and therefore this study provides support for design of algorithms to extend the bandwidth towards higher frequencies. The results also indicated added benefit from hearing aids for bimodal listeners in all four types of listening conditions. Speech understanding in acoustically reverberant environments is always a difficult task for hearing impaired listeners. Reverberated sounds consists of direct sound, early reflections and late reflections. Late reflections are known to be detrimental to speech intelligibility. In this study, we propose a reverberation suppression strategy based on spectral subtraction to suppress the reverberant energies from late reflections. Results from listening tests for two reverberant conditions (RT60 = 0.3s and 1.0s) indicated significant improvement when stimuli was processed with SS strategy. The proposed strategy operates with little to no prior information on the signal and the room characteristics and therefore, can potentially be implemented in real-time CI speech processors. For speech in background noise, we propose a mechanism underlying the contribution of harmonics to the benefit of electroacoustic stimulations in cochlear implants. The proposed strategy is based on harmonic modeling and uses synthesis driven approach to synthesize the harmonics in voiced segments of speech. Based on objective measures, results indicated improvement in speech quality. This study warrants further work into development of algorithms to regenerate harmonics of voiced segments in the presence of noise

Paraunitary oversampled filter bank design for channel coding

Oversampled filter banks (OSFBs) have been considered for channel coding, since their redundancy can be utilised to permit the detection and correction of channel errors. In this paper, we propose an OSFB-based channel coder for a correlated additive Gaussian noise channel, of which the noise covariance matrix is assumed to be known. Based on a suitable factorisation of this matrix, we develop a design for the decoder's synthesis filter bank in order to minimise the noise power in the decoded signal, subject to admitting perfect reconstruction through paraunitarity of the filter bank. We demonstrate that this approach can lead to a significant reduction of the noise interference by exploiting both the correlation of the channel and the redundancy of the filter banks. Simulation results providing some insight into these mechanisms are provided

A Study into Speech Enhancement Techniques in Adverse Environment

This dissertation developed speech enhancement techniques that improve the speech quality in applications such as mobile communications, teleconferencing and smart loudspeakers. For these applications it is necessary to suppress noise and reverberation. Thus the contribution in this dissertation is twofold: single channel speech enhancement system which exploits the temporal and spectral diversity of the received microphone signal for noise suppression and multi-channel speech enhancement method with the ability to employ spatial diversity to reduce reverberation