26,791 research outputs found
Rescattering effects in laser-assisted electron-atom bremsstrahlung
Rescattering effects in nonresonant spontaneous laser-assisted electron-atom
bremsstrahlung (LABrS) are analyzed within the framework of time-dependent
effective-range (TDER) theory. It is shown that high energy LABrS spectra
exhibit rescattering plateau structures that are similar to those that are
well-known in strong field laser-induced processes as well as those that have
been predicted theoretically in laser-assisted collision processes. In the
limit of a low-frequency laser field, an analytic description of LABrS is
obtained from a rigorous quantum analysis of the exact TDER results for the
LABrS amplitude. This amplitude is represented as a sum of factorized terms
involving three factors, each having a clear physical meaning. The first two
factors are the exact field-free amplitudes for electron-atom bremsstrahlung
and for electron-atom scattering, and the third factor describes free electron
motion in the laser field along a closed trajectory between the first
(scattering) and second (rescattering) collision events. Finally, a
generalization of these TDER results to the case of LABrS in a Coulomb field is
discussed
The distribution of maxima of approximately Gaussian random fields
Motivated by the problem of testing for the existence of a signal of known
parametric structure and unknown ``location'' (as explained below) against a
noisy background, we obtain for the maximum of a centered, smooth random field
an approximation for the tail of the distribution. For the motivating class of
problems this gives approximately the significance level of the maximum score
test. The method is based on an application of a likelihood-ratio-identity
followed by approximations of local fields. Numerical examples illustrate the
accuracy of the approximations.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/07-AOS511 the Annals of
Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical
Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
An Analytic Method of Interpretation of Electron Diffraction Photographs of Gases
An analytic procedure to be used in the interpretation of electron diffraction photographs for gases is developed. The experimentally determined positions of the maxima and minima are employed to solve directly for the interatomic distances through successive approximations. The method is then generalized so as to be applicable to molecules in which rotations or large oscillations about a bond are permitted. As a test, three sets of data which have already been published are recalculated yielding somewhat altered values for the molecular parameters. New diffraction photographs of propane are analyzed. It is pointed out that the number of theoretical intensity curves which must be computed to obtain the correct structure is thereby greatly reduced
Resonant Auger decay of the core-excited CO molecule in intense X-ray laser fields
The dynamics of the resonant Auger (RA) process of the core-excited
CO(1s) molecule in an intense X-ray laser field is
studied theoretically. The theoretical approach includes the analogue of the
conical intersections of the complex potential energy surfaces of the ground
and `dressed' resonant states due to intense X-ray pulses, taking into account
the decay of the resonance and the direct photoionization of the ground state,
both populating the same final ionic states coherently, as well as the direct
photoionization of the resonance state itself. The light-induced non-adiabatic
effect of the analogue of the conical intersections of the resulting complex
potential energy surfaces gives rise to strong coupling between the electronic,
vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom of the diatomic CO molecule. The
interplay of the direct photoionization of the ground state and of the decay of
the resonance increases dramatically with the field intensity. The coherent
population of a final ionic state via both the direct photoionization and the
resonant Auger decay channels induces strong interference effects with distinct
patterns in the RA electron spectra. The individual impact of these physical
processes on the total electron yield and on the CO electron
spectrum are demonstrated.Comment: 13 figs, 1 tabe
Grand minima and maxima of solar activity: New observational constraints
Using a reconstruction of sunspot numbers stretching over multiple millennia,
we analyze the statistics of the occurrence of grand minima and maxima and set
new observational constraints on long-term solar and stellar dynamo models.
We present an updated reconstruction of sunspot number over multiple
millennia, from C data by means of a physics-based model, using an
updated model of the evolution of the solar open magnetic flux. A list of grand
minima and maxima of solar activity is presented for the Holocene (since 9500
BC) and the statistics of both the length of individual events as well as the
waiting time between them are analyzed.
The occurrence of grand minima/maxima is driven not by long-term cyclic
variability, but by a stochastic/chaotic process. The waiting time distribution
of the occurrence of grand minima/maxima deviates from an exponential
distribution, implying that these events tend to cluster together with long
event-free periods between the clusters. Two different types of grand minima
are observed: short (30--90 years) minima of Maunder type and long (110
years) minima of Sp\"orer type, implying that a deterministic behaviour of the
dynamo during a grand minimum defines its length. The duration of grand maxima
follows an exponential distribution, suggesting that the duration of a grand
maximum is determined by a random process.
These results set new observational constraints upon the long-term behaviour
of the solar dynamo.Comment: 10 Figure
Interference of Fock states in a single measurement
We study analytically the structure of an arbitrary order correlation
function for a pair of Fock states and prove without any approximations that in
a single measurement of particle positions interference effects must occur as
experimentally observed with Bose-Einstein condensates. We also show that the
noise level present in the statistics is slightly lower than for a respective
measurement of phase states.Comment: 4 page
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