472 research outputs found
Extremal problems on special graph colorings
In this thesis, we study several extremal problems on graph colorings. In particular, we study monochromatic connected matchings, paths, and cycles in 2-edge colored graphs, packing colorings of subcubic graphs, and directed intersection number of digraphs.
In Chapter 2, we consider monochromatic structures in 2-edge colored graphs. A matching M in a graph G is connected if all the edges of M are in the same component of G. Following Łuczak, there are a number of results using the existence of large connected matchings in cluster graphs with respect to regular partitions of large graphs to show the existence of long paths and other structures in these graphs. We prove exact Ramsey-type bounds on the sizes of monochromatic connected matchings in 2-edge-colored multipartite graphs. In addition, we prove a stability theorem for such matchings, which is used to find necessary and sufficient conditions on the existence of monochromatic paths and cycles: for every fixed s and large n, we describe all values of n_1, ...,n_s such that for every 2-edge-coloring of the complete s-partite graph K_{n_1, ...,n_s} there exists a monochromatic (i) cycle C_{2n} with 2n vertices, (ii) cycle C_{at least 2n} with at least 2n vertices, (iii) path P_{2n} with 2n vertices, and (iv) path P_{2n+1} with 2n+1 vertices. Our results also imply for large n of the conjecture by Gyárfás, Ruszinkó, Sárkőzy and Szemerédi that for every 2-edge-coloring of the complete 3-partite graph K_{n,n,n} there is a monochromatic path P_{2n+1}.
Moreover, we prove that for every sufficiently large n, if n = 3t+r where r in {0,1,2} and G is an n-vertex graph with minimum degree at least (3n-1)/4, then for every 2-edge-coloring of G, either there are cycles of every length {3, 4, 5, ..., 2t+r} of the same color, or there are cycles of every even length {4, 6, 8, ..., 2t+2} of the same color. This result is tight and implies the conjecture of Schelp that for every sufficiently large n, every (3n-1)-vertex graph G with minimum degree larger than 3|V(G)|/4, in each 2-edge-coloring of G there exists a monochromatic path P_{2n} with 2n vertices. It also implies for sufficiently large n the conjecture by Benevides, Łuczak, Scott, Skokan and White that for every positive integer n of the form n=3t+r where r in {0,1,2} and every n-vertex graph G with minimum degree at least 3n/4, in each 2-edge-coloring of G there exists a monochromatic cycle of length at least 2t+r.
In Chapter 3, we consider a collection of special vertex colorings called packing colorings. For a sequence of non-decreasing positive integers S = (s_1, ..., s_k), a packing S-coloring is a partition of V(G) into sets V_1, ..., V_k such that for each integer i in {1, ..., k} the distance between any two distinct x,y in V_i is at least s_i+1. The smallest k such that G has a packing (1,2, ..., k)-coloring is called the packing chromatic number of G and is denoted by \chi_p(G). The question whether the packing chromatic number of subcubic graphs is bounded appears in several papers. We show that for every fixed k and g at least 2k+2, almost every n-vertex cubic graph of girth at least g has the packing chromatic number greater than k, which answers the previous question in the negative. Moreover, we work towards the conjecture of Brešar, Klavžar, Rall and Wash that the packing chromatic number of 1-subdivision of subcubic graphs are bounded above by 5. In particular, we show that every subcubic graph is (1,1,2,2,3,3,k)-colorable for every integer k at least 4 via a coloring in which color k is used at most once, every 2-degenerate subcubic graph is (1,1,2,2,3,3)-colorable, and every subcubic graph with maximum average degree less than 30/11 is packing (1,1,2,2)-colorable.
Furthermore, while proving the packing chromatic number of subcubic graphs is unbounded, we also consider improving upper bound on the independence ratio, alpha(G)/n, of cubic n-vertex graphs of large girth. We show that ``almost all" cubic labeled graphs of girth at least 16 have independence ratio at most 0.454.
In Chapter 4, we introduce and study the directed intersection representation of digraphs. A directed intersection representation is an assignment of a color set to each vertex in a digraph such that two vertices form an edge if and only if their color sets share at least one color and the tail vertex has a strictly smaller color set than the head. The smallest possible size of the union of the color sets is defined to be the directed intersection number (DIN). We show that the directed intersection representation is well-defined for all directed acyclic graphs and the maximum DIN among all n vertex acyclic digraphs is at most 5n^2/8 + O(n) and at least 9n^2/16 + O(n)
Graph coloring with no large monochromatic components
For a graph G and an integer t we let mcc_t(G) be the smallest m such that
there exists a coloring of the vertices of G by t colors with no monochromatic
connected subgraph having more than m vertices. Let F be any nontrivial
minor-closed family of graphs. We show that \mcc_2(G) = O(n^{2/3}) for any
n-vertex graph G \in F. This bound is asymptotically optimal and it is attained
for planar graphs. More generally, for every such F and every fixed t we show
that mcc_t(G)=O(n^{2/(t+1)}). On the other hand we have examples of graphs G
with no K_{t+3} minor and with mcc_t(G)=\Omega(n^{2/(2t-1)}).
It is also interesting to consider graphs of bounded degrees. Haxell, Szabo,
and Tardos proved \mcc_2(G) \leq 20000 for every graph G of maximum degree 5.
We show that there are n-vertex 7-regular graphs G with \mcc_2(G)=\Omega(n),
and more sharply, for every \epsilon>0 there exists c_\epsilon>0 and n-vertex
graphs of maximum degree 7, average degree at most 6+\epsilon for all
subgraphs, and with mcc_2(G)\ge c_\eps n. For 6-regular graphs it is known only
that the maximum order of magnitude of \mcc_2 is between \sqrt n and n.
We also offer a Ramsey-theoretic perspective of the quantity \mcc_t(G).Comment: 13 pages, 2 figure
Steinitz Theorems for Orthogonal Polyhedra
We define a simple orthogonal polyhedron to be a three-dimensional polyhedron
with the topology of a sphere in which three mutually-perpendicular edges meet
at each vertex. By analogy to Steinitz's theorem characterizing the graphs of
convex polyhedra, we find graph-theoretic characterizations of three classes of
simple orthogonal polyhedra: corner polyhedra, which can be drawn by isometric
projection in the plane with only one hidden vertex, xyz polyhedra, in which
each axis-parallel line through a vertex contains exactly one other vertex, and
arbitrary simple orthogonal polyhedra. In particular, the graphs of xyz
polyhedra are exactly the bipartite cubic polyhedral graphs, and every
bipartite cubic polyhedral graph with a 4-connected dual graph is the graph of
a corner polyhedron. Based on our characterizations we find efficient
algorithms for constructing orthogonal polyhedra from their graphs.Comment: 48 pages, 31 figure
Planar graph coloring avoiding monochromatic subgraphs: trees and paths make things difficult
We consider the problem of coloring a planar graph with the minimum number of colors such that each color class avoids one or more forbidden graphs as subgraphs. We perform a detailed study of the computational complexity of this problem
Colourings of cubic graphs inducing isomorphic monochromatic subgraphs
A -bisection of a bridgeless cubic graph is a -colouring of its
vertex set such that the colour classes have the same cardinality and all
connected components in the two subgraphs induced by the colour classes
(monochromatic components in what follows) have order at most . Ban and
Linial conjectured that every bridgeless cubic graph admits a -bisection
except for the Petersen graph. A similar problem for the edge set of cubic
graphs has been studied: Wormald conjectured that every cubic graph with
has a -edge colouring such that the two
monochromatic subgraphs are isomorphic linear forests (i.e. a forest whose
components are paths). Finally, Ando conjectured that every cubic graph admits
a bisection such that the two induced monochromatic subgraphs are isomorphic.
In this paper, we give a detailed insight into the conjectures of Ban-Linial
and Wormald and provide evidence of a strong relation of both of them with
Ando's conjecture. Furthermore, we also give computational and theoretical
evidence in their support. As a result, we pose some open problems stronger
than the above mentioned conjectures. Moreover, we prove Ban-Linial's
conjecture for cubic cycle permutation graphs.
As a by-product of studying -edge colourings of cubic graphs having linear
forests as monochromatic components, we also give a negative answer to a
problem posed by Jackson and Wormald about certain decompositions of cubic
graphs into linear forests.Comment: 33 pages; submitted for publicatio
Placing regenerators in optical networks to satisfy multiple sets of requests.
The placement of regenerators in optical networks has become an active area of research during the last years. Given a set of lightpaths in a network G and a positive integer d, regenerators must be placed in such a way that in any lightpath there are no more than d hops without meeting a regenerator. While most of the research has focused on heuristics and simulations, the first theoretical study of the problem has been recently provided in [10], where the considered cost function is the number of locations in the network hosting regenerators. Nevertheless, in many situations a more accurate estimation of the real cost of the network is given by the total number of regenerators placed at the nodes, and this is the cost function we consider. Furthermore, in our model we assume that we are given a finite set of p possible traffic patterns (each given by a set of lightpaths), and our objective is to place the minimum number of regenerators at the nodes so that each of the traffic patterns is satisfied. While this problem can be easily solved when d = 1 or p = 1, we prove that for any fixed d,p ≥ 2 it does not admit a PTASUnknown control sequence '\textsc', even if G has maximum degree at most 3 and the lightpaths have length O(d)(d). We complement this hardness result with a constant-factor approximation algorithm with ratio ln (d ·p). We then study the case where G is a path, proving that the problem is NP-hard for any d,p ≥ 2, even if there are two edges of the path such that any lightpath uses at least one of them. Interestingly, we show that the problem is polynomial-time solvable in paths when all the lightpaths share the first edge of the path, as well as when the number of lightpaths sharing an edge is bounded. Finally, we generalize our model in two natural directions, which allows us to capture the model of [10] as a particular case, and we settle some questions that were left open in [10]
Defective and Clustered Graph Colouring
Consider the following two ways to colour the vertices of a graph where the
requirement that adjacent vertices get distinct colours is relaxed. A colouring
has "defect" if each monochromatic component has maximum degree at most
. A colouring has "clustering" if each monochromatic component has at
most vertices. This paper surveys research on these types of colourings,
where the first priority is to minimise the number of colours, with small
defect or small clustering as a secondary goal. List colouring variants are
also considered. The following graph classes are studied: outerplanar graphs,
planar graphs, graphs embeddable in surfaces, graphs with given maximum degree,
graphs with given maximum average degree, graphs excluding a given subgraph,
graphs with linear crossing number, linklessly or knotlessly embeddable graphs,
graphs with given Colin de Verdi\`ere parameter, graphs with given
circumference, graphs excluding a fixed graph as an immersion, graphs with
given thickness, graphs with given stack- or queue-number, graphs excluding
as a minor, graphs excluding as a minor, and graphs excluding
an arbitrary graph as a minor. Several open problems are discussed.Comment: This is a preliminary version of a dynamic survey to be published in
the Electronic Journal of Combinatoric
On the expected number of perfect matchings in cubic planar graphs
A well-known conjecture by Lov\'asz and Plummer from the 1970s asserted that
a bridgeless cubic graph has exponentially many perfect matchings. It was
solved in the affirmative by Esperet et al. (Adv. Math. 2011). On the other
hand, Chudnovsky and Seymour (Combinatorica 2012) proved the conjecture in the
special case of cubic planar graphs. In our work we consider random bridgeless
cubic planar graphs with the uniform distribution on graphs with vertices.
Under this model we show that the expected number of perfect matchings in
labeled bridgeless cubic planar graphs is asymptotically , where
and is an explicit algebraic number. We also
compute the expected number of perfect matchings in (non necessarily
bridgeless) cubic planar graphs and provide lower bounds for unlabeled graphs.
Our starting point is a correspondence between counting perfect matchings in
rooted cubic planar maps and the partition function of the Ising model in
rooted triangulations.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure
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