Introduction to the special issue on belief revision, argumentation, ontologies, and norms

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

What did they say in the Hall of the Dead? Language and identity in the Cerro Maravilla hearings

Identity has become a major interest for researchers in the areas of linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics. Recent understandings of identity emphasize its malleability and fluidity. This conceptualization of identities as malleable comes from the realization that speakers relate strategically to propositions and their interlocutors in order to achieve their communicative goals. This study is an exploration of the (co-)construction of identities in an institutional context, specifically in the Cerro Maravilla hearings. I examine the interactions between the Senate's main investigator, Héctor Rivera Cruz, and five witnesses in order to explore how identities were created and how speakers managed the interactions. In chapter 2, I discuss the theoretical framework and the literature. The concepts of identity, linguistic ideologies, power, discourses, indexicalities, and stances are discussed. Chapter 3 is a literature review of studies concerned with language in the legal context, particularly in trials. In chapter 4, I provide a historical background to contextualize the Cerro Maravilla events and the Senate hearings. The next chapter is the methodology. In Chapter 6, I present the analyses of the interactions between Rivera Cruz and five witnesses. In chapter 7, I discuss the findings. Chapter 8 is the conclusion. The present study supports the notion that power is better understood as emergent in interactions, even when interactional resources are unequally available to speakers. However, it is not independent of discourses that assign value to ways of speaking and ways of interacting. I claim that speakers combine stances in creative and unexpected ways, constructing memorable identities. The overarching question that motivated this study was: Why did people talk about Rivera Cruz's performance and way of speaking? I argue that the answer lies in his creative stance taking through which he was able to provoke a clash of linguistic ideologies in an unexpected and unconventional way. I argue that Rivera Cruz's performance attests to the creativity and the immense possibilities that individuals have for creating identities, while this individuality is still connected with discourses that exist in the broad society

The Philosophical Foundations of PLEN: A Protocol-theoretic Logic of Epistemic Norms

In this dissertation, I defend the protocol-theoretic account of epistemic norms. The protocol-theoretic account amounts to three theses: (i) There are norms of epistemic rationality that are procedural; epistemic rationality is at least partially defined by rules that restrict the possible ways in which epistemic actions and processes can be sequenced, combined, or chosen among under varying conditions. (ii) Epistemic rationality is ineliminably defined by procedural norms; procedural restrictions provide an irreducible unifying structure for even apparently non-procedural prescriptions and normative expressions, and they are practically indispensable in our cognitive lives. (iii) These procedural epistemic norms are best analyzed in terms of the protocol (or program) constructions of dynamic logic. I defend (i) and (ii) at length and in multi-faceted ways, and I argue that they entail a set of criteria of adequacy for models of epistemic dynamics and abstract accounts of epistemic norms. I then define PLEN, the protocol-theoretic logic of epistemic norms. PLEN is a dynamic logic that analyzes epistemic rationality norms with protocol constructions interpreted over multi-graph based models of epistemic dynamics. The kernel of the overall argument of the dissertation is showing that PLEN uniquely satisfies the criteria defended; none of the familiar, rival frameworks for modeling epistemic dynamics or normative concepts are capable of satisfying these criteria to the same degree as PLEN. The overarching argument of the dissertation is thus a theory-preference argument for PLEN

Computational Complexity of Strong Admissibility for Abstract Dialectical Frameworks

Abstract dialectical frameworks (ADFs) have been introduced as a formalism for modeling and evaluating argumentation allowing general logical satisfaction conditions. Different criteria used to settle the acceptance of arguments arecalled semantics. Semantics of ADFs have so far mainly been defined based on the concept of admissibility. Recently, the notion of strong admissibility has been introduced for ADFs. In the current work we study the computational complexityof the following reasoning tasks under strong admissibility semantics. We address 1. the credulous/skeptical decision problem; 2. the verification problem; 3. the strong justification problem; and 4. the problem of finding a smallest witness of strong justification of a queried argument

On the Existence of Characterization Logics and Fundamental Properties of Argumentation Semantics

Given the large variety of existing logical formalisms it is of utmost importance to select the most adequate one for a specific purpose, e.g. for representing the knowledge relevant for a particular application or for using the formalism as a modeling tool for problem solving. Awareness of the nature of a logical formalism, in other words, of its fundamental intrinsic properties, is indispensable and provides the basis of an informed choice. One such intrinsic property of logic-based knowledge representation languages is the context-dependency of pieces of knowledge. In classical propositional logic, for example, there is no such context-dependence: whenever two sets of formulas are equivalent in the sense of having the same models (ordinary equivalence), then they are mutually replaceable in arbitrary contexts (strong equivalence). However, a large number of commonly used formalisms are not like classical logic which leads to a series of interesting developments. It turned out that sometimes, to characterize strong equivalence in formalism L, we can use ordinary equivalence in formalism L0: for example, strong equivalence in normal logic programs under stable models can be characterized by the standard semantics of the logic of here-and-there. Such results about the existence of characterizing logics has rightly been recognized as important for the study of concrete knowledge representation formalisms and raise a fundamental question: Does every formalism have one? In this thesis, we answer this question with a qualified “yes”. More precisely, we show that the important case of considering only finite knowledge bases guarantees the existence of a canonical characterizing formalism. Furthermore, we argue that those characterizing formalisms can be seen as classical, monotonic logics which are uniquely determined (up to isomorphism) regarding their model theory. The other main part of this thesis is devoted to argumentation semantics which play the flagship role in Dung’s abstract argumentation theory. Almost all of them are motivated by an easily understandable intuition of what should be acceptable in the light of conflicts. However, although these intuitions equip us with short and comprehensible formal definitions it turned out that their intrinsic properties such as existence and uniqueness, expressibility, replaceability and verifiability are not that easily accessible. We review the mentioned properties for almost all semantics available in the literature. In doing so we include two main axes: namely first, the distinction between extension-based and labelling-based versions and secondly, the distinction of different kind of argumentation frameworks such as finite or unrestricted ones

Bacteriophages of Brevibacterium aurantiacum : diversity, host interactions, and impact in washed rind cheeses

Brevibacterium aurantiacum est l'un des principaux micro-organismes utilisés dans la production de fromages à croûte lavée dans le monde. L’utilisation de cette bactérie est dû à sa richesse métabolique, car elle produit des composés soufrés volatils, des pigments caroténoïdes et des enzymes lipolytiques et protéolytiques, qui sont nécessaires à la maturation d’une variété de fromages. Des souches de cette espèce bactérienne sont inoculées à la surface de fromages au cours de l'affinage et sont sensibles à des infections virales. Les bactériophages (phages), virus qui infectent les bactéries, sont omniprésents dans divers écosystèmes. Dans l'industrie laitière, ils sont reconnus pour perturber les procédés de production lors de l'infection de ferments lactiques, mais leur implication sur des fromages présentant des défauts de couleur et de saveur reste à démontrer. Ces anomalies de maturation de fromages à croûte lavée ont conduit à cette thèse. Le premier objectif de cette thèse de doctorat consistait à analyser le génome de la souche industrielle B. aurantiacum SMQ-1335 et qui est aussi sensible à des phages. Le deuxième objectif de la thèse visait à étudier les phages virulents infectant cette souche. D’ailleurs, cette étude rapporte la première description et caractérisation de phages infectant cette espèce bactérienne. Malgré la similitude entre ces phages, des répétitions en tandem d'ADN ont été identifiées dans des génomes viraux et une analyse approfondie a montré que ces segments d'ADN sont répandus parmi les phages. Le troisième objectif visait à étudier l'interaction phage-hôte via l’analyse du génome de souches mutantes insensibles aux phages. En étudiant ces souches mutantes, des gènes potentiellement nécessaires pour l'infection phagique ont été identifiés. Enfin, le quatrième et dernier objectif visait à évaluer l'impact des phages de B. aurantiacum dans la production de fromages à croûte lavée et ce, à l'aide des caillé modèles. À noter que le reclassement de la souche SMQ-1335, avant identifiée auparavant comme Brevibacterium linens, est décrit en annexe de cette thèse. Malgré des décennies d'études sur les phages laitiers, les phages de B. aurantiacum étaient encore inconnus. Mes travaux auront permis le développement d’un protocole reproductible pour isoler ces phages. Ces travaux ont également apporté de nouvelles connaissances sur les interactions phage-hôte et de leur impact dans les fromages affinés en surface.Brevibacterium aurantiacum is one of the key players in the production of washed rind cheeses produced worldwide. The importance of this bacterium to the dairy industry is due to its metabolic richness, as it produces volatile sulfur compounds, carotenoid pigments, and lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes, which play roles in the maturation of washed rind cheeses .As strains of this species are regularly inoculated on the cheese surface during ripening, there is a significant risk of viral attacks. Bacteriophage (phages), viruses that infect bacteria, are ubiquitous in the cheese environment. In the dairy industry, virulent phages have long been known to disrupt cheese processes by infecting lactic acid bacteria. The recent observations of color and flavor defects in washed rind cheeses suggested that phages may also infect strains of B. aurantiacum. These observations led to this thesis.The first objective of this PhD dissertation was to study the genomics of B. aurantiacum SMQ-1335, an industrial strain used in the production of washed rind cheeses. The second objective of the thesis was to study the diversity and biology of virulent phages infecting this industrial strain. This study was the first report of phages infecting B. aurantiacum. Despite the low diversity of the isolated B. aurantiacum phages, DNA tandem repeats were found in an intragenic region of the viral genomes and extended analysis showed that these DNA segments are widespread among phages. The third objective was to investigate phage-host interactions through the genome analyses of bacteriophage insensitive mutants, which were selected by challenging SMQ-1335 with phage AGM1. Host genes likely necessary for phage infection were identified and may explain why some of these mutants are phage-resistant. Finally, the fourth objective of this thesis evaluated the impact of virulent phages on the production of washed rind cheeses using model curds. Of note, the reclassification of the strain SMQ-1335, long believed to be Brevibacterium linens, is described in the annex of the thesis. Despite decades of studies on dairy phages, B. aurantiacum phages were still unknown. Here, a reproducible protocol to isolate these phages was developed, which may allow the isolation of new phages. This work also led to increased knowledge on phage-host interactions as well as on and their roles in surface-ripened cheeses