Sustainability, transport and design: reviewing the prospects for safely encouraging eco-driving

Private vehicle use contributes a disproportionately large amount to the degradation of the environment we inhabit. Technological advancement is of course critical to the mitigation of climate change, however alone it will not suffice; we must also see behavioural change. This paper will argue for the application of Ergonomics to the design of private vehicles, particularly low-carbon vehicles (e.g. hybrid and electric), to encourage this behavioural change. A brief review of literature is offered concerning the effect of the design of a technological object on behaviour, the inter-related nature of goals and feedback in guiding performance, the effect on fuel economy of different driving styles, and the various challenges brought by hybrid and electric vehicles, including range anxiety, workload and distraction, complexity, and novelty. This is followed by a discussion on the potential applicability of a particular design framework, namely Ecological Interface Design, to the design of in-vehicle interfaces that encourage energy-conserving driving behaviours whilst minimising distraction and workload, thus ensuring safety

Effect of electrical vehicles on residential distribution systems

This thesis focuses on the present state of electrical vehicles (EVs) in the market and the effects that these vehicles could have on residential distribution systems. The current EVs available on the market and the current level of market penetration were investigated. Advantages and disadvantages of EVs from a consumer and governmental perspective were identified. The efficiencies of the whole energy delivery process of electrical vehicles and gasoline vehicles were estimated. Efficiency estimation was used to estimate the impact of EVs on the consumption of fossil fuels and emission of greenhouse gases. Measurement of an EV battery charging cycle and modeling of a residential power system with EV battery charger loads was performed. A computer model was programmed in Matlab to perform harmonic analysis using data from a real residential system. Using this computer model a worst case study was performed, and the level of EV penetration in the system required to cause excessive harmonic distortion was obtained

Impact of Efficient Driving in Professional Bus Fleets

Diesel engines of the vehicles in the transport sector are responsible for most of the CO2 emissions into the environment. An alternative to reduce fuel consumption is to promote efficient driving techniques. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of efficient driving on fuel consumption in professional fleets. Data captured from the engine control unit (ECU) of the vehicles are complemented with external information from weather stations and context data from the transport companies. The paper proposes linear and quadratic models in order to quantify the impact of all the terms influencing energy consumption. The analysis was made from the traces captured from a passenger transport company in Spain with more than 50 bus routes. 20 vehicles of five different models were monitored and 58 drivers participated in the study. The results indicate that efficient driving has significant influence on fuel consumption, which confirms efficient driving as a valid and economical option for reducing consumption and therefore emissions of harmful particles into the atmosphere. According to the proposed model, in average external conditions, a driver that increases efficiency from 25% to 75% can reach savings in fuel consumption of up to 16 L/100 km in the analysed bus fleet, which is a significant improvement considering the long distances covered by professionals of the transport sector

Aeronautical engineering: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 322)

This bibliography lists 719 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in Oct. 1995. Subject coverage includes: design, construction and testing of aircraft and aircraft engines; aircraft components, equipment, and systems; ground support systems; and theoretical and applied aspects of aerodynamics and general fluid dynamics

Aeronautical engineering: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 292)

This bibliography lists 675 reports, articles, and other documents recently introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system database. Subject coverage includes the following: design, construction and testing of aircraft and aircraft engines; aircraft components, equipment, and systems; ground support systems; and theoretical and applied aspects of aerodynamics and general fluid dynamics

Development of a CO2_{2}e quantification method and of solutions for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of construction machines = Entwicklung einer CO2_{2}e Quantifizierungsmethode und von Lösungen zur Reduzierung von Treibhausgasemissionen in Baumaschinen

Motiviert durch die globale Erwärmung konzentriert sich diese Arbeit auf die Entwicklung einer Quantifizierungsmethode für Treibhausgas (CO$_{2}$e) Emissionen von Baumaschinen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode vorgestellt, welche identifizierte Forschungslücken schließt, die durch die Analyse von Maßnahmen aus unterschiedlichen Industrien und von existierenden CO$_{2}$ Quantifizierungsmethoden abgeleitet worden sind. Dabei berücksichtigt die Methode mit Hilfe von Einflussfaktoren aus sechs Säulen CO$_{2}$e Reduktionspotentiale, welche lauten: Maschineneffizienz, Prozesseffizienz, Energieträger, Betriebseffizienz, Materialeffizienz und CO$_{2}$e Abscheidung und Lagerung. Durch den Einsatz der Methode auf repräsentative Bauanwendungen für Europa für drei Zeitschienen Vergangenheit-Gegenwart-Zukunft wird gezeigt, dass diese für beliebige Bauanwendungen und Zeitschienen anwendbar ist. Beim Vergleichen der Ergebnisse aus zwei Zeitschienen ist es möglich die Reduktion oder Steigerung an Treibhausgasemissionen zu erfassen. Am Beispiel von ausgewählten Baumaschinen wird gezeigt, dass die Methode gültig ist und damit Aussagen über bestimmten CO$_{2}$e Reduktionsmaßnahmen ermöglicht werden. Zum Schluss werden Transformationslösungen vorgeschlagen, um die Treibhausgasemissionen von Baumaschinen zu reduzieren. Dabei wird flüssiges Methan als alternativer Energieträger vorgeschlagen, der die CO$_{2}$e Emissionen bis zu 84 % reduzieren kann. Die zusätzliche Kombination mit einem Brennstoffzellenantrieb können die CO$_{2}$e Emission bis zu 89 % reduzieren. Als dritte Lösung wird der Einsatz eines CO$_{2}$ Abscheide- und Speichersystems vorgeschlagen, welches die CO$_{2}$e Emissionen von fossilen Diesel bis zu 82 % reduziert. Durch Kombination der drei vorgeschlagenen Lösungen wird aus der mobilen Arbeitsmaschine eine Maschine, welche die Atmosphäre von Treibhausgas reinigt, da negative CO$_{2}$e Emissionen damit entstehen

Missouri Shamrock, 1980-1981

This digital volume contains 4 issues of Shamrock: October 1980, December 1980, February 1981, and April 1981

Advances on Smart Cities and Smart Buildings

Modern cities are facing the challenge of combining competitiveness at the global city scale and sustainable urban development to become smart cities. A smart city is a high-tech, intensive and advanced city that connects people, information, and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city; competitive and innovative commerce; and an increased quality of life. This Special Issue collects the recent advancements in smart cities and covers different topics and aspects