Woven Narratives from Tsum Valley: Reconfiguring Local

Tsum Valley is on the border between Nepal and Tibet. It exists as a border land and a trekking trail and a home. Despite its label as a “Hidden Himalayan Valley,” Tsum is currently undergoing changes that make it increasingly connected to the globalized world. I set out to study and learn weaving in Tsum. I dispersed within my account of learning the craft with scenes from everyday life to better understand how weaving and production of the chu pa fits into work, family, economy and community. For my study I stayed in one home in Lamaguan, Upper Tsum to understand how much a small family unit and local community could be redefining the space between what is considered old, new; local, foreign. In the end, I wanted to present an account of what I saw and what my typical day was like. I fought the impulse to label what I saw in Tsum, therefore I do not provide any analysis. In the end, I have a collection of stories, information, instructions, and a diary all wrapped up in one account of life from within my adopted family

`Bashtendikayt' and `Banayung' : theme and imagery in the earlier poetry of Abraham Sutzkever

This study analyses the poetry which Sutzkever wrote between 1935 and 1954, emphasising the themes of the poetic word and the poet's role. During this formative period Sutzkever established his complex of images, and laid the foundation for the often hermetic later poetry. The earlier work is characterised by tension between the aesthetic and the ethical, the ikh and the world. The earliest manifests both strands, combining Romantic individualism with awareness of the social nature of poetry. In 'Valdiks' (1940), nature imagery develops into an inner language expressing an aesthetic vision, giving way in the war years to doubts, but also to a conviction of the poet's ethical task ('Di festung', 1945). In Israel Sutzkever achieved new confidence in his poetic identity, which he expressed through Jewish and biblical imagery ('In fayer-vogn', 1952). The African environment gave him a sense of freedom and renewed nature inspiration, and he explored new imagery of paganism, sensuality and myth ('Helfandn bay nakht', 1950-1954). The poeme 'Ode tsu der toyb' (1954) is the climax of the first period, resolving the conflict between aesthetic and ethical, past and present, and pointing the way towards the mature aestheticism of the later work. The study focusses on significant aspects of this process. Sutzkever's constant underlying theme is the nature of poetry itself. He investigates this through permanent images which develop specific symbolic connotations and become a metapoetic language. The resolution of the conflict between the aesthetic and the ethical lies in Sutzkever's belief in the equivalence of the spiritual and the corporeal, in the power of the word, and in the unbreakable goldene keyt of birth, death and renewal. The later aestheticism is foreshadowed in this period by the idea of the essence of poetry as the ineffable silence which the poet struggles to reach through the word

Upper mantle anisotropy beneath the African IRIS and Geoscope stations

International audienceUpper mantle anisotropy beneath the African IRIS and Geoscope stations is investigated through the measurements of splitting of teleseismic shear waves such as SKS, SKKS and PKS phases. Seismic anisotropy data are interesting on their own as a measure of upper mantle active or frozen deformation beneath a given station, but each station is of potential interest since it can be used to retrieve source-side seismic anisotropy at remote sites if one is able to perform station-side anisotropy correction. We performed systematic investigations of teleseismic shear wave splitting at 15 stations from the IRIS and Geoscope global seismic networks, which are located on both the oceanic and the continental parts of the African plate. Anisotropy is generally well observed at continental stations. The patterns we present generally show much more complexity than the results previously published from smaller data sets. Despite this complexity, the splitting parameters generally appear in several places to contain a signature of the regional geodynamic setting (rift structures, Archaean craton, Pan-African belt), although a deeper source of anisotropy (asthenospheric) may be present. At the oceanic stations, anisotropy measurements are much more difficult to perform because the signal is generally of poor quality. MSEY, in the Seychelles (Indian ocean), is the exception and displays a clear correlation of the azimuth of the fast split shear wave with the trend of the absolute plate motion, as defined by hotspot tracks

Glaciers of the Koryak Highlands: assessment of the state using satellite images and field studies

The Koryak Highlands are a poorly explored area in terms of glaciation and its connection to climate. The purpose of this work is, using Sentinel-2 images (2019), to assess the state of glaciers at present against the background of climatic trends. Spatial patterns of trends of mean summer and annual temperatures, total precipitation and precipitation for the cold period from 1966 to 2019 were compiled: the temperature trends increase towards the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the mean summer temperature trends increase from 2 to 3°C. Precipitation trends increase from the continent to the coastal zone, with cold season trends changing from 0 to minus 50 mm. As a result, 212 glaciers and 279 rock glaciers were discovered in the Highlands, whereas 112 objects that had previously been recognised were not identified: either there is no glacier, or its area is less than 0.001 km2. The reduction in glacier areas compared to the USSR Glacier Inventory (1960s) varies widely by river basin, from 35 to 74%. The mean present glacier area varies from basin to basin from 0.4 to 0.11 km2. The glaciers are mainly corrie type of the N, NE and NW aspects. The change of average glacier firn line is from several tens of metres to 400–500 m.The Koryak Highlands are a poorly explored area in terms of glaciation and its connection to climate. The purpose of this work is, using Sentinel-2 images (2019), to assess the state of glaciers at present against the background of climatic trends. Spatial patterns of trends of mean summer and annual temperatures, total precipitation and precipitation for the cold period from 1966 to 2019 were compiled: the temperature trends increase towards the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the mean summer temperature trends increase from 2 to 3°C. Precipitation trends increase from the continent to the coastal zone, with cold season trends changing from 0 to minus 50 mm. As a result, 212 glaciers and 279 rock glaciers were discovered in the Highlands, whereas 112 objects that had previously been recognised were not identified: either there is no glacier, or its area is less than 0.001 km2. The reduction in glacier areas compared to the USSR Glacier Inventory (1960s) varies widely by river basin, from 35 to 74%. The mean present glacier area varies from basin to basin from 0.4 to 0.11 km2. The glaciers are mainly corrie type of the N, NE and NW aspects. The change of average glacier firn line is from several tens of metres to 400–500 m

Fate of fatty acids during ensiling: relationship with milk fat composition of dairy cows

Transition of dairy cows from grazing to silage based rations significantly increases the saturated: unsaturated fatty acids (FA) ratio and decreases the content of beneficial C18:1 cis-9, C18:1 trans-11, C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 and C18:3n-3 in milk fat. This is partly related to a lower polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) supply from ensiled forages. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the scope of increasing the content PUFA in grass and maize silages, and to establish relationships between silage quality on the one hand and the FA content and composition, post-ensiling stability of PUFA, and milk FA composition of dairy cows on the other hand. The first focus of this thesis was to quantify the variation in FA content and composition in grass (n = 101) and maize (n = 96) silages, randomly sampled from commercial dairy farms in the Netherlands, and use multivariate analysis to identify the causes of this variation. The FA content and composition of grass and maize silages were highly variable, and this variation was primarily caused by differences in plant maturity at harvest. Silages made from younger grass and maize have higher contents of C18:3n-3.Most of the variation in FA content in the ensiled forages was caused by differences in plant maturity at harvest. Changes in FA content and composition were investigated in stover (leaves and stem) and ears (cob, shank and husks) in a set of maize genotypes, grown on sandy and clay soils and harvested at 14, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days after flowering (DAF). The contents of C18:3n-3 and total FAs in the stover dry matter (DM) declined at a slow rate up to 56 DAF and then decreased rapidly during 56–84 DAF. On the other hand the content of C18:2n-6 and total FAs in the ears DM increased up to 56 DAF and thereafter remained more or less constant. The maximum amount of PUFA in silage maize can be harvested around 56 DAF. Identifying pre and post-ensiling processes that optimize the stability of PUFA was the next goal. The stability of FA were investigated in untreated and mechanically bruised perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), wilted under field conditions for 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h, or wilted under controlled climate conditions at three temperatures (15, 25 or 35 °C) and two light (dark or light) regimes to DM contents of 425, 525 or 625 g/kg. The oxidation of FAs during wilting of grass was mainly caused by the duration of the wilting, wilting temperature only provoked small differences, whereas mechanical bruising of grass and light intensity did not affect the changes in FA contents. The highly esterified lipids of forages are extensively hydrolysed in the silo. Therefore, the post-ensiling stability of FAs was investigated in grass and maize silages, with a wide range in qualities, exposed to air for 0, 12, and 24 h. Exposure of grass and maize silages to air results in a quantitatively small, but consistent decline in the contents of major unsaturated FAs with a concomitant increase in the proportion of C16:0. The final study evaluated the effects of feeding maize silages, ensiled at different maturities, in combination with a high or low degradable carbohydrate concentrate on nutrient intake, milk production, and composition of milk and milk fatinearly lactating dairy cows. Maize maturity at harvest at a DM content of 300-420 g/kg fresh weight, did not affect the production performance of dairy cows, but resulted in decreased contents of C18:3n-3 and total n-3 and a decreased n-6:n-3 ratio in the milk fat of dairy cows. </p

Belowground carbon dynamics in Scots pine stands

Boreal forest soils are globally one of the most extensive carbon storages, whereas soil respiration (carbon dioxide; CO2 efflux) forms the largest carbon flux from the ecosystem to the atmosphere. Current changes in the world climate may have unpredictable effects on belowground carbon processes, and thereby, on the carbon balance of boreal forests. To better understand the various processes in soil and to quantify the potential changes in the carbon cycle, forest-floor respiration was partitioned into five different components, and tree-root respiration was estimated, using four different methods in a mature boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand in southern Finland. Non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in tree roots were determined, and carbon allocation to belowground by trees was estimated with the whole-tree carbon model ‘CASSIA’. In addition, tree-root respiration and heterotrophic soil respiration were separated using root exclusion in seven coniferous forests along a latitudinal gradient in Northern and Central Europe. The tree-root respiration comprised almost half of the forest-floor respiration, the heterotrophic soil respiration almost a third, and ground vegetation and respiration of mycorrhizal hyphae the remaining fifth in the boreal Scots pine stand. While the annual tree-root respiration decreased throughout the first three study years, the heterotrophic soil respiration increased when the mycorrhizal roots were excluded from the treatments. The tree-root respiration and most of the NSC concentrations were higher in the warmer years and lower in the cooler, as estimated with most of the methods. Three methods resulted in rather similar tree-root respiration estimations, while the tree-root respiration estimated with root incubation was significantly lower. The tree-root respiration was over 50% of the annual photosynthesis in the northernmost forest stand, whereas in the southernmost stand it was only up to 15%. Carbon allocation to the belowground, as modelled with CASSIA was a third of the annual photosynthesis on average and almost 5% for the symbiotic mycorrhizae.Boreaaliset metsämaat ovat yksi suurimmista hiilen varastoista maailmanlaajuisesti, kun taas maahengitys (hiilidioksidipäästöt) muodostaa suurimman hiilivirran ekosysteemistä ilmakehään. Ilmastonmuutoksella voi olla arvaamattomia vaikutuksia maanalaisiin hiiliprosesseihin ja sitä kautta boreaalisten metsien hiilitaseeseen. Maaperän erilaisten prosessien ymmärtämiseksi ja mahdollisten hiilenkierron muutosten arvioimiseksi muuttuvassa ilmastossa metsänpohjan kokonaismaahengitys jaettiin viiteen eri komponenttiin ja puun juurten hengitys arvioitiin neljällä eri menetelmällä keski-ikäisessä boreaalisessa mäntymetsikössä (Pinus sylvestris L.) Etelä-Suomessa. Varastosokerien ja tärkkelyksen pitoisuudet puiden juurissa määritettiin ja juurien varastosokereiden syötteen määrä maaperään ja symbionttisille mikrobeille (sienijuurille eli mykorritsoille) arvioitiin koko puun hiilitasemallilla ’CASSIA’. Lisäksi puun juurten hengitys ja maan heterotrofisten mikrobien maahengitys erotettiin toisistaan seitsemässä eri havumetsässä mittaamalla hengitystä tavanomaisissa ympäristöissä sekä maaperässä, jossa ei ollut eläviä juuria. Puiden juurten hengitys muodosti lähes puolet kokonaismaahengityksestä, heterotrofinen maahengitys lähes kolmanneksen, ja pintakasvillisuuden sekä sienijuurten hengitys loput viidenneksen boreaalisessa mäntymetsikössä. Vuotuinen puiden juurten hengitys laski kolmen ensimmäisen tutkimusvuoden ajan, kun taas heterotrofinen maahengitys nousi niin kutsutun ’Gadgil’-ilmiön vuoksi, kun sienijuuret eristettiin pois maasta. Puiden juurten hengitys ja suurin osa varasto-hiilihydraattien pitoisuuksista olivat korkeampia lämpiminä vuosina ja alhaisempia kylmempinä. Juuret ovat alati vuorovaikutuksessa maaperän kanssa ja niiden erottaminen toisistaan on menetelmällisesti haastavaa. Kolme eri menetelmää arvioi juurten hengityksen olevan melko saman tasoista, kun taas juurihengitys yksittäisistä kaivetuista ja leikatuista juurista oli merkittävästi alhaisempaa. Leikatut juuret kaivettiin melko läheltä maan pintaa, kun taas muilla menetelmillä arvioitu juurten hengitys oli peräisin myös syvemmistä maan kerroksista, jossa kosteutta oli todennäköisesti enemmän. Juurten hengitys oli yli 50 % vuotuisesta yhteytyksestä pohjoisimmassa metsikössä, kun taas eteläisimmässä metsikössä se oli vain 15 %. Koko puun hiilitasemallilla mallinnettu hiilisyöte maahan oli keskimäärin kolmannes vuotuisesta yhteytyksestä ja lähes 5 % symbioottisille sienijuurille

SedaDNA abil eukarüootsete organismide mitmekesisuse, dünaamika ja keskkonnamuutuste mõju rekonstrueerimine hilisjääaja ja Holotseeni perioodil Lielais Svētiņu järve näitel

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneJärves leiduv ja sinna kandunud bioloogiline materjal mattub seal aja jooksul järve settesse, milles rakuväline DNA võib seonduda savi ja humiinaine osakestega ning seetõttu säilib väga pikka aega. Teadaolevalt vanim järve settest tuvastatud DNA on ligi 270 000 aastat vana. Järve setetes säilinud vana DNA (sedaDNA) võimaldab ajas tagasiulatuvalt rekonstrueerida bioloogilise mitmekesisuse muutusi ning tuvastada, millal ja miks need muutused mitmekesisuses toimusid. Samuti võimaldab sedaDNA uurida keskkonna muutuste mõju kooslustele läbi aja. Koosluste muutuste seoseid keskkonnateguritega on oluline uurida, kuna see aitab seletada ka tänapäevaseid bioloogilise mitmekesisuse muutusi ning koostada prognoose edasise kliimasoojenemise olukorras. SedaDNA on suhteliselt uudne tööriist paleo-ökoloogias, sealjuures on sedaDNA põhised uuringud hüppeliselt kasvanud viimase 5 aasta jooksul tänu DNA sekveneerimis- ja analüüsimeetodite arengule. Käesolevas doktoritöös uuriti, kas Lielais Svētiņu järve settes leiduvat vana DNAd saab kasutada eukarüootide mitmekesisuse rekonstrueerimiseks, keskendudes fototroofide ja seente dünaamikale, ning uuriti tuvastatud koosluste reageerimist muutuvatele keskkonnatingimustele. Lielais Svētiņu järve võib pidada üheks Euroopa kirde regiooni mudeljärveks, sest sinna on kogunenud paks settekiht, piirkonnas on hästi dateeritud hiline inimmõju ning varasematest õietolmu ja mikro-, makrofossiilide uuringutest on kogutud hulgaliselt andmeid. Olemasolev andmestik võimaldab uurida nii looduslikku kui ka inimmõju järve ökosüsteemi kooslustele ja laiemalt piirkonnas toimunud muutusi. Uudse lähenemisena kasutati järves ja selle valgalal toimuvate muutuste hindamiseks indikaatorina seente erinevate ökoloogiliste gruppide esinemist. Esmalt leiti, et sedaDNA võimaldab edukalt tuvastada eukarüootide mitmekesisust ka sügavamatest, s.t vanematest, sette kihtidest. Selgus, et sedaDNA võimaldab rekonstrueerida lisaks järve ökosüsteemile ka järve ümbritsevat maismaa keskkonda. Samuti selgus, et ITS2 markeri abil tuvastatud seente ökoloogilised rollid on kasutatavad potentsiaalsete indikaatoritena peremeesorganismide populatsioonide ja järvesiseste protsesside hindamiseks. Leidsime, et muutused eukarüootide koosluste dünaamikas on põhjustatud nii looduslike kui ka inimtekkeliste tegurite poolt. Fototroofide dünaamikas tuvastati kolm koosluste häiringu perioodi, millest kaks esimest, hilis-jääaja (~12 500-7700) ning Holotseeni temperatuuri maksimumi (~5400-7700) ajajärgu häiringud, olid tõenäoliselt põhjustatud vastavatest järskudest kliimamuutustest või võimalikest jääkatte kestuse ja humifitseerumise protsessidest järves. Kõige selgemini oli eristatav aga liigirikkuse tõus viimase ~2000 aasta jooksul Chlorophyta, planktoni parasiitsete seente ja mükoriissete seente grupis, mis ajaliselt langeb kokku inimmõju järkjärgulise tõusuga selles piirkonnas. Selline koosluste muutus on seletatav suurenenud toitainete liikuvusega järve inimtegevuse tagajärjel. Toitainete hulga tõus aga soosis omakorda fütoplanktoni mitmekesisuse tõusu sel perioodil. Lisaks leidsime tõendeid planktoni parasiitsete seente liigilise mitmekesisuse suurenemise kohta juba alates ~4000 aastast, mis on seotud kliima jahenemise ja tsüanobakterite domineerimise asendumisega eukarüootsete vetikate domineerimisega.Biological material carried into the lake or originating from the lake accumulates over time into lake sediments where the extracellular DNA can bind to clay minerals and humic acids and thus preserve over long periods of time. The oldest known DNA detected from lake sediments dates back to ~270 000 years. Sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) allows us to reconstruct past biodiversity changes and enables us to identify when and why these changes in diversity appeared. In addition, sedaDNA permits us to study the impact of environmental change on these communities over the long timescale. The studies of relationships between community dynamics and environmental drivers are necessary to understand biodiversity changes and to model possible future scenarios during ongoing climate warming conditions. SedaDNA is a relatively new tool in paleoenvironmental research, where the use of sedaDNA has increased rapidly in the last five years due to the development of DNA sequencing and data analysis methods. This thesis focuses on studying the effectiveness of sedaDNA reconstructing the changes in eukaryotes diversity, focusing on phototroph and fungal dynamics, and exploring the community responses to the environmental changes in the lake Lielais Svētiņu. Lielais Svētiņu can be considered a natural model lake in the North-East Europe region since it has a long sediment record, relatively late human impact in the region and availability of detailed dataset from previous pollen, micro-, and macrofossils studies. This data enables us to study natural and anthropogenic influences on the communities in lake ecosystems and wider changes in the area. As an innovative approach, the fungal ecophysiological groups were tested as new signatures of ecosystem changes in the lake and its surroundings. Firstly, it was found that sedaDNA can be successfully used to assess the biodiversity of eukaryotes also from deeper sediment layers. Also, sedaDNA enables the reconstruction of aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial environments of the lake catchment. In addition, the fungal ecophysiological groups recovered by the ITS2 marker region were found useful as signatures of past host populations and in-lake processes. Also, detected changes in community dynamics of eukaryotes were influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors. Three perturbation periods for phototroph dynamics were detected, of which two – Late-Glacial (~12 500-7700 kyr) and Holocene thermal maximum (~5400-7700 kyr) periods – were likely induced by abrupt climate change or by the effect of ice-cover and humification processes, respectively. The clearest richness change was observed in the last ~2000 kyr when richness rise occurred in Chlorophyta, plankton parasitic fungi and mycorrhizal fungi. These changes were related to the growing anthropogenic impact in the region. Such change in community dynamics can be explained by the higher loading of nutrients in the lake due to human activity. Higher amounts of nutrients, in turn, favored the richness increase in phytoplankton. In addition, the richness rise of plankton parasitic fungi started from ~4000 kyr, which could be explained by climate cooling and cyanobacteria-eukaryotic algae shift.https://www.ester.ee/record=b545275

Producing The Latina Disney Princess

In our contemporary moment, which some are suggesting is a “Golden Age” of American television, programs featuring Latinx characters, especially Latinas, remain scarce. The history of Latinx representation in American television is filled with stereotypical portrayals of violent drug dealers and forlorn domestic workers. This thesis examines how the animated fantasy television program Elena of Avalor (2016-) offers alternative, and potentially empowering, narratives for Latinas. Elena challenges gender norms, explores the ramifications of colonialism, and imagines a world in which whiteness is not the default. However, the show often fails to acknowledge the colorist and anti-Black discourses prevalent within the US and Latin America. as a product of the Disney empire – a corporation that for years has faced criticism for its portrayals of Latinxs in their live action and animated films and shows – Elena embodies the struggle for representation and the fight against commodification. Though a “Latina Disney Princess” can be a source of inspiration to Latinas around the world, there remains the question of how the Latina body is commodified by and for white, non-Latinx consumers. By analyzing the episodes and tie-in merchandise of Elena alongside other Latina-centric programs like Once Upon a Time (2011-2018) and Disney films like Saludos Amigos (1942), I argue that Hollywood’s fixation with cultural and ethnic authenticity is reifying hegemonic notions of Latinidad. While shows like Elena have the potential to dispel stereotypical understandings of Latin America, the US film and television industry continues to disregard the cultural complexity of its Latinx viewers, normalizing whiteness and exoticizing Latinidad

Kundentracking

Grundlegendes Ziel der Arbeit war es, auf Basis der Analyse zwei verschiedener Interspar-Filialen, Informationen zum Bewegungsprozess von Kunden mit Einkaufswagen und deren Einkaufswagenabstellverhalten in Lebensmitteleinzelhandelsgeschäften zu gewinnen. Im Vordergrund der Studienarbeit stand die Analyse der verdeckt aufgezeichneten Einkaufsstrecken und aller Aktionen entlang des Weges durch die Einkaufsstätte. Die Auswertung der Beobachtungsdaten erfolgte einerseits mit Hilfe des Statistikprogramms SPSS, wobei zusätzlich die Software MATLAB, zur grafischen Darstellung der Ergebnisse (Heat-Maps), verwendet wurde. Die Einkaufswägen werden, wenn sie verlassen werden, zumeist an den stark frequentierten Haupt- bzw. Außengängen abgestellt. Sowohl die Einkaufswagenabstellhäufigkeit, als auch die Wege ohne Einkaufswagen, fielen jedoch äußerst gering aus, woraus geschlossen wurde, dass sich Kunden, so sie ihren Einkaufswagen überhaupt einmal verlassen, bevorzugt in der Nähe des abgestellten Einkaufswagens aufhalten. Bei genauerer Betrachtung der einzelnen Einkaufswege konnten schließlich fünf verschiedene typische Kundenlauftypen pro Einkaufsstätte identifiziert werden. Im Hinblick auf eine etwaige Verallgemeinerung der Ergebnisse für große Lebensmitteleinzelhandelsgeschäfte wurden die beiden Interspar-Filialen, auf Basis der Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit im Verkaufsraum, miteinander verglichen, wobei einige Gemeinsamkeiten festgestellt werden konnten. Die empirischen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind sowohl vom wirtschaftlichen, als auch vom methodischen Standpunkt her relevant und zeigen, dass in der Praxis quantitative Daten zumeist nicht ausreichen, um aussagekräftige Informationen für ein kundenorientiertes Bewegen durch den Verkaufsraum zu bekommen, sondern ein Blick durch die „Brille“ des Kunden notwendig ist.The fundamental goal of this work was to gain information about the movement process of customers with a shopping cart and their in-store behaviour. Recently, some advances have been achieved to track the in-store behavior of customers. These approaches differ mainly with respect to data collection and data analysis. This study reports on a procedure which has not been employed yet: In two different grocery shops located in a metropolitan area of a capital city in Europe, shopping paths are gathered by means of disguised human observation and recorded on a laptop computer. This made it possible to collect purchases as well as locations where customers moved with or without their shopping carts, where they stopped and/ or separated. Forming a-priori segments of shoppers with respect to behavioral characteristics (e.g., shopping duration, shopping frequency, time of shopping) typical locations in the store which are visited are identified by means of spatial data analysis (heat maps); subsequently „canonical trip types“ are identified. The findings are relevant both, from a managerial and a methodical point of view