573 research outputs found

    Renewable Energy

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    This book discusses renewable energy resources and systems as well as energy efficiency. It contains twenty-three chapters over six sections that address a multitude of renewable energy types, including solar and photovoltaic, biomass, hydroelectric, and geothermal. The information presented herein is a scientific contribution to energy and environmental regulations, quality and efficiency of energy services, energy supply security, energy market-based approaches, government interventions, and the spread of technological innovation

    Electrical Age (v. 48)

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    Англійська мова для студентів електромеханічних спеціальностей

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    Навчальний посібник розрахований на студентів напряму підготовки 6.050702 Електромеханіка. Містить уроки, що структуровані за тематичними розділами, граматичний коментар, короткі англо-український і українсько- англійський словники та додатки, які спрямовані на закріплення загальних навичок володіння англійською мовою. Акцентований на ɨсобливості термінології, що застосовується у науково-технічній галузі, зокрема, в електромеханіці та виконання запропонованих завдань, що буде сприяти формуванню навичок перекладу з англійської та української мов, сприйняттю письмової та усної англійської мови, вмінню письмового викладення англійською мовою науково-технічних та інших текстів під час професійної діяльності, спілкуванню з професійних та загальних питань тощо

    Architecture for intelligent power systems management, optimization, and storage.

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    The management of power and the optimization of systems generating and using power are critical technologies. A new architecture is developed to advance the current state of the art by providing an intelligent and autonomous solution for power systems management. The architecture is two-layered and implements a decentralized approach by defining software objects, similar to software agents, which provide for local optimization of power devices such as power generating, storage, and load devices. These software device objects also provide an interface to a higher level of optimization. This higher level of optimization implements the second layer in a centralized approach by coordinating the individual software device objects with an intelligent expert system thus resulting in architecture for total system power management. In this way, the architecture acquires the benefits of both the decentralized and centralized approaches. The architecture is designed to be portable, scalable, simple, and autonomous, with respect to devices and missions. Metrics for evaluating these characteristics are also defined. Decentralization achieves scalability and simplicity through modularization using software device objects that can be added and deleted as modules based on the devices of the power system are being optimized. Centralization coordinates these software device objects to bring autonomy and intelligence of the whole power system and mission to the architecture. The centralization approach is generic since it always coordinates software device objects; therefore it becomes another modular component of the architecture. Three example implementations illustrate the evolution of this power management system architecture. The first implementation is a coal-fired power generating station that utilized a neural network optimization for the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions. This illustrates the limitations of this type of black-box optimization and serves as a motivation for developing a more functional architecture. The second implementation is of a hydro-generating power station where a white-box, software agent approach illustrates some of the benefits and provides initial justification of moving towards the proposed architecture. The third implementation applies the architecture to a vehicle to grid application where the previous hydro-generating application is ported and a new hybrid vehicle application is defined. This demonstrates portability and scalability in the architecture, and linking these two applications demonstrates autonomy. The simplicity of building this application is also evaluated

    Wind Energy Conversion Systems

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    Economic feasibilities and energy conversion efficiencies are considered for various alternative energy sources that utilize wind forces

    MULES, FUELS, AND FUSION: ENERGY, ENTROPY, AND THE CROSSING OF THE PANAMANIAN TRANSIT ZONE, 1848-1990

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    Between 1848 and 1990 Americans attempted to construct numerous infrastructural projects in Panama in hopes of bridging the Isthmus and connecting the seas. These schemes ran the gamut from the creation of the Panama railroad in the early 1850s through attempts to detonate nuclear explosives to create a sea-level canal in the 1960s. While these projects seem quite alien to one another, these two plans, and other attempts to cross the Isthmus, were unified by their shared reliance on energy’s capacity to overcome the entropy of the Panamanian environment. In order to reshape Isthmian landscapes, American engineers, scientists, and policymakers had to first harness and unleash a variety of energy sources that could do the work of moving earth, constructing structures, and imposing order on the Panamanian landscape. Their efficacy was always mediated by entropy, the environment’s tendency to trend towards disorder. Without constant injections of energy, the fluid Panamanian landscape would shift and move, destabilizing the landscape and wrecking human altered landscapes. This contentious relationship between energy and entropy catalyzed an energetic arms race in which Americans looked towards increasingly powerful sources of energy to hold entropy at bay. Ultimately this proved a double-edged sword. By altering the environment in increasingly complex ways, they simultaneously created the potential for increasing volumes of entropy. This positive feedback loop forced humans to consume more energy to contain entropy, thus restarting the cycle of energetic and entropic growth. This project tracks this process starting with the creation of the railroad and follows it through the creation of the Panama Canal in the first two decades of the 1900s, initial attempts to restructure the Canal during the interwar years, the attempt to build a new canal through the use of nuclear excavation, and finally attempts to use the Isthmus to facilitate the transportation of Alaska North Slope oil during the 1970s and 1980s. Along the way, the project tracks how new energy sources provided new opportunities to reshape Panama, and the unforeseen consequences that accompanied these processes. Ultimately, the unrelenting presence of entropy suggests that while energy granted Americans the illusion of control over the natural landscape, their authority was never as absolute as they hoped

    Intelligent voltage dip mitigation in power networks with distributed generation

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    Includes bibliographical references.The need for ensuring good power quality (PQ) cannot be over-emphasized in electrical power system operation and management. PQ problem is associated with any electrical distribution and utilization system that experiences any voltage, current or frequency deviation from normal operation. In the current power and energy scenario, voltage-related PQ disturbances like voltage dips are a fact which cannot be eliminated from electrical power systems since electrical faults, and disturbances are stochastic in nature. Voltage dip tends to lead to malfunction or shut down of costly and mandatory equipment and appliances in consumers’ systems causing significant financial losses for domestic, commercial and industrial consumers. It accounts for the disruption of both the performance and operation of sensitive electrical and electronic equipment, which reduces the efficiency and the productivity of power utilities and consumers across the globe. Voltage dips are usually experienced as a result of short duration reduction in the r.m.s. (r.m.s.- root mean square) value of the declared or nominal voltage at the power frequency and is usually followed by recovery of the voltage dip after few seconds. The IEEE recommended practice for monitoring electric power quality (IEEE Std. 1159-2009, revised version of June 2009), provides definitions to label an r.m.s. voltage disturbance based upon its duration and voltage magnitude. These disturbances can be classified into transient events such as voltage dips, swells and spikes. Other long duration r.m.s. voltage variations are mains failures, interruption, harmonic voltage distortion and steady-state overvoltages and undervoltages. This PhD research work deals with voltage dip phenomena only. Initially, the present power network was not designed to accommodate renewable distributed generation (RDG) units. The advent and deployment of RDG over recent years and high penetration of RDG has made the power network more complex and vulnerable to PQ disturbances. It is a well-known fact that the degree of newly introduced RDG has increased rapidly and growing further because of several reasons, which include the need to reduce environmental pollution and global warming caused by emission of carbon particles and greenhouse gases, alleviating transmission congestion and loss reduction. RDG ancillary services support especially voltage and reactive power support in electricity networks are currently being recognized, researched and found to be quite useful in voltage dip mitigation

    Mass And Energy-A Bank General Assets And Liabilities Approach –The General Theory Of ‘Mass, Energy ,Space And Time’-Part 2

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    Diurnal dynamics of mass and energy equivalence is studied. From the Einstein’s classic equation E=mc2,it bears ample testimony that E-mc2 =0 which provides an infallible observatory to the fact that matter would dissipate energy on various fronts, be it transformation of one energy to another or intergalactic cataclysms that lead to apocalyptic atrophication in the mass ,notwithstanding the fact that the radiation carries the rest mass. , and law of conservation of mass and energy are conserved.  Hawking’s radiation is another example in the point. Like the Bank Deposits and Credits are equal, and the credits dissipate deposits, nonetheless Profit shown up as a part of the balance sheet, we argue that such an approach shall provide a more saner explanation of the various unrelated manifestations that have taken place after GTR. One point that is to be noted is that the law of conservation of mass and law of conservation of energy is preserved in such energy transformations. In the Bank, individual debits and credits are tallied, and later on, after a complete drafting of various day’s credits and debits, transfer scrolls are tallied with that of the slips and a General Ledger is written. ON the same lines a General Ledger can be written of the various energy ,mass, space, time transactions what with the debits and credits shown in each account thereof, the consolidated Credit or Debit balance is showed. This we state is itself the General Ledger Or the General Theory of Mass Energy, Space and Time, In the final series we give consolidated analysis of the equations., Concatenated and consolidated equations are given in the annexure inconsideration to the various permutations and combinations of space, energy ,mass, time. Introduction expatiates in detail about the details of these four variables and we draw from annexural   equations for further papers, which call for more mathematics for understanding the comprehensive scenario and scepter of the universe. Key Words: Cataly Zeproton Decay, Energy Transformation, Rest Mass, Relativistic Energy, Invariant Mass, Mass, Energy, Space, Time
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