The flow approach to swept volume

In this thesis, a method for representing swept volume based on the sweep differential equation and sweep vector field flow is developed. This method can be used to determine the boundary representation of a swept volume generated by any polygonal object undergoing a general smooth 2-D sweep. For any given sweep and object, a. set of candidate boundary points is computed using a selection criterion based on vector field behavior. The set of candidate boundary points is then trimmed in order to obtain the true boundary of the swept volume. This trimming procedure is based on some simple topological principles and it utilizes the concept of extended sweep. This method is more general and efficient than existing approaches (e. g. it can readily deal with the cases in which the swept volume area. has holes ) and can easily be extended to 3-D sweeps; the 3-D extension is discussed but only briefly. Several examples are given to illustrate the implementation of the prototype software for 2-D sweeps which has been developed in conjunction with this research

오프셋 곡선 및 곡면의 자가 교차 검출 및 제거

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 컴퓨터공학부,2020. 2. 김명수.Offset curves and surfaces have many applications in computer-aided design and manufacturing, but the self-intersections and redundancies must be trimmed away for their practical use. We present a new method for offset curve and surface trimming that detects the self-intersections and eliminates the redundant parts of an offset curve and surface that are closer than the offset distance to the original curve and surface. We first propose an offset trimming method based on constructing geometric constraint equations. We formulate the constraint equations of the self-intersections of an offset curve and surface in the parameter domain of the original curve and surface. Numerical computations based on the regularity and intrinsic properties of the given input curve and surface is carried out to compute the solution of the constraint equations. The method deals with numerical instability around near-singular regions of an offset surface by using osculating tori that can be constructed in a highly stable way, i.e., by offsetting the osculating torii of the given input regular surface. We reveal the branching structure and the terminal points from the complete self-intersection curves of the offset surface. From the observation that the trimming method based on the multivariate equation solving is computationally expensive, we also propose an acceleration technique to trim an offset curve and surface. The alternative method constructs a bounding volume hierarchy specially designed to enclose the offset curve and surface and detects the self-collision of the bounding volumes instead. In the case of an offset surface, the thickness of the bounding volumes is indirectly determined based on the maximum deviations of the positions and the normals between the given input surface patches and their osculating tori. For further acceleration, the bounding volumes are pruned as much as possible during self-collision detection using various geometric constraints imposed on the offset surface. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the new trimming method using several non-trivial test examples of offset trimming. Lastly, we investigate the problem of computing the Voronoi diagram of a freeform surface using the offset trimming technique for surfaces. By trimming the offset surface with a gradually changing offset radius, we compute the boundary of the Voronoi cells that appear in the concave side of the given input surface. In particular, we interpret the singular and branching points of the self-intersection curves of the trimmed offset surfaces in terms of the boundary elements of the Voronoi diagram.오프셋 곡선 및 곡면은 computer-aided design (CAD)와 computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)에서 널리 이용되는 연산들 중 하나이다. 하지만 실용적인 활용을 위해서는 오프셋 곡선 및 곡면에서 생기는 자가 교차를 찾고 이를 기준으로 오프셋 곡선 및 곡면에서 원래의 곡선 및 곡면에 가까운 불필요한 영역을 제거하여야한다. 본 논문에서는 오프셋 곡선 및 곡면에서 생기는 자가 교차를 계산하고, 오프셋 곡선 및 곡면에서 생기는 불필요한 영역을 제거하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 본 논문은 우선 오프셋 곡선 및 곡면의 자가 교차점들과 그 교차점들이 기인한 원래 곡선 및 곡면의 점들이 이루는 평면 이등변 삼각형 관계로부터 오프셋 곡선 및 곡면의 자가 교차점의 제약 조건을 만족시키는 방정식들을 세운다. 이 제약식들은 원래 곡선 및 곡면의 변수 공간에서 표현되며, 이 방정식들의 해는 다변수 방정식의 해를 구하는 solver를 이용하여 구한다. 오프셋 곡면의 경우, 원래 곡면의 주곡률 중 하나가 오프셋 반지름의 역수와 같을 때 오프셋 곡면의 법선이 정의가 되지 않는 특이점이 생기는데, 오프셋 곡면의 자가 교차 곡선이 이 부근을 지날 때는 자가 교차 곡선의 계산이 불안정해진다. 따라서 자가 교차 곡선이 오프셋 곡면의 특이점 부근을 지날 때는 오프셋 곡면을 접촉 토러스로 치환하여 더 안정된 방법으로 자가 교차 곡선을 구한다. 계산된 오프셋 곡면의 자가 교차 곡선으로부터 교차 곡선의 $xyz$-공간에서의 말단 점, 가지 구조 등을 밝힌다. 본 논문은 또한 바운딩 볼륨 기반의 오프셋 곡선 및 곡면의 자가 교차 곡선 검출을 가속화하는 방법을 제시한다. 바운딩 볼륨은 기저 곡선 및 곡면을 단순한 기하로 감싸고 기하 연산을 수행함으로써 가속화에 기여한다. 오프셋 곡면의 자가 교차 곡선을 구하기 위하여, 본 논문은 오프셋 곡면의 바운딩 볼륨 구조를 기저 곡면의 바운딩 볼륨과 기저 곡면의 법선 곡면의 바운딩 볼륨의 구조로부터 계산하며 이때 각 바운딩 볼륨의 두께를 계산한다. 또한, 바운딩 볼륨 중에서 실제 오프셋 곡선 및 곡면의 자가 교차에 기여하지 않는 부분을 깊은 재귀 전에 찾아서 제거하는 여러 조건들을 나열한다. 한편, 자가 교차가 제거된 오프셋 곡선 및 곡면은 기저 곡선 및 곡면의 보로노이 구조와 깊은 관련이 있는 것이 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 자유 곡면의 연속된 오프셋 곡면들로부터 자유 곡면의 보로노이 구조를 유추하는 방법을 제시한다. 특히, 오프셋 곡면의 자가 교차 곡선 상에서 나타나는 가지 점이나 말단 점과 같은 특이점들이 자유 곡면의 보로노이 구조에서 어떻게 해석되는지 제시한다.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Approach 7 1.3 Contributions and Thesis Organization 11 2. Preliminaries 14 2.1 Curve and Surface Representation 14 2.1.1 Bezier Representation 14 2.1.2 B-spline Representation 17 2.2 Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces 19 2.2.1 Differential Geometry of Curves 19 2.2.2 Differential Geometry of Surfaces 21 3. Previous Work 23 3.1 Offset Curves 24 3.2 Offset Surfaces 27 3.3 Offset Curves on Surfaces 29 4. Trimming Offset Curve Self-intersections 32 4.1 Experimental Results 35 5. Trimming Offset Surface Self-intersections 38 5.1 Constraint Equations for Offset Self-Intersections 38 5.1.1 Coplanarity Constraint 39 5.1.2 Equi-angle Constraint 40 5.2 Removing Trivial Solutions 40 5.3 Removing Normal Flips 41 5.4 Multivariate Solver for Constraints 43 5.A Derivation of f(u,v) 46 5.B Relationship between f(u,v) and Curvatures 47 5.3 Trimming Offset Surfaces 50 5.4 Experimental Results 53 5.5 Summary 57 6. Acceleration of trimming offset curves and surfaces 62 6.1 Motivation 62 6.2 Basic Approach 67 6.3 Trimming an Offset Curve using the BVH 70 6.4 Trimming an Offset Surface using the BVH 75 6.4.1 Offset Surface BVH 75 6.4.2 Finding Self-intersections in Offset Surface Using BVH 87 6.4.3 Tracing Self-intersection Curves 98 6.5 Experimental Results 100 6.6 Summary 106 7. Application of Trimming Offset Surfaces: 3D Voronoi Diagram 107 7.1 Background 107 7.2 Approach 110 7.3 Experimental Results 112 7.4 Summary 114 8. Conclusion 119 Bibliography iDocto

Extended analytical study of the free-wing/free-trimmer concept

The free wing/free trimmer concept was analytically studied in order to: (1) compare the fore and aft trimmer configurations on the basis of equal lift capability, rather than equal area; (2) assess the influence of tip mounted aft trimmers, both free and fixed, on the lateral directional modes and turbulence responses; (3) examine the feasibility of using differential tip mounted trimmer deflection for lateral control; (4) determine the effects of independent fuselage attitude on the lateral directional behavior; and (5) estimate the influence of wing sweep on dynamic behavior and structural weight. Results indicate that the forward trimmer concept is feasible with the reduced size examined, but it remains inferior to the aft trimmer in every respect except structural weight. Differential motion of the aft trimmer is found to provide powerful lateral control; while the effect of fuselage deck angle is a reduction of the dutch roll damping ratio for nose-down attitudes

The role of mass-movement in shore platform development along the Gisborne coastline, New Zealand

Tidal shore platforms form a conspicuous part of the coastal scenery north of Gisborne, New Zealand. Some of these platforms are being extended landward under present-day conditions. Present widening results primarily from cliff-retreat by mass-movement. The coincidence in distribution of areas of wave convergence, mass-movement and shore platforms suggests a genetic connection between these marine and subaerial process and response elements. Various types of mass-movement are involved in cliff-retreat, notably slumps, flows, debris slides and soil and rock falls. While the products of such mass-movement forms are removed by wave action, extensive boulder fields on some shore platforms indicate that removal is not always complete. Not all of the shore platforms on this coast are being widened at present. Widening has ceased where active mass-movement is not occurring

BVH와 토러스 패치를 이용한 곡면 교차곡선 연산

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 컴퓨터공학부, 2021.8. 김명수.두 변수를 가지는 B-스플라인 자유곡면의 곡면간 교차곡선과 자가 교차곡선, 그리고 오프셋 곡면의 자가 교차곡선을 구하는 효율적이고 안정적인 알고리즘을 개발하는 새로운 접근 방법을 제시한다. 새로운 방법은 최하단 노드에 최대 접촉 토러스를 가지는 복합 바운딩 볼륨 구조에 기반을 두고 있다. 이 바운딩 볼륨 구조는 곡면간 교차나 자가 교차가 발생할 가능성이 있는 작은 곡면 조각 쌍들의 기하학적 검색을 가속화한다. 최대 접촉 토러스는 자기가 근사한 C2-연속 자유곡면과 2차 접촉을 가지므로 주어진 곡면에서 다양한 기하 연산의 정밀도를 향상시키는데 필수적인 역할을 한다. 효율적인 곡면간 교차곡선 계산을 지원하기 위해, 미리 만들어진, 최하단 노드에 최대 접촉 토러스가 있으며 구형구면 트리를 가지는 복합 이항 바운딩 볼륨 구조를 설계하였다. 최대 접촉 토러스는 거의 모든 곳에서 접선교차가 발생하는, 자명하지 않은 곡면간 교차곡선 계산 문제에서도 효율적이고 안정적인 결과를 제공한다. 곡면의 자가 교차 곡선을 구하는 문제는 주로 마이터 점 때문에 곡면간 교차곡선을 계산하는 것 보다 훨씬 더 어렵다. 자가 교차 곡면은 마이터 점 부근에서 법선 방향이 급격히 변하며, 마이터 점은 자가 교차 곡선의 끝점에 위치한다. 따라서 마이터 점은 자가 교차 곡면의 기하 연산 안정성에 큰 문제를 일으킨다. 마이터 점을 안정적으로 감지하여 자가 교차 곡선의 계산을 용이하게 하기 위해, 자유곡면을 위한 복합 바운딩 볼륨 구조에 적용할 수 있는 삼항 트리 구조를 제시한다. 특히, 두 변수를 가지는 곡면의 매개변수영역에서 마이터 점을 충분히 작은 사각형으로 감싸는 특별한 표현 방법을 제시한다. 접선교차와 마이터 점을 가지는, 아주 자명하지 않은 자유곡면 예제를 사용하여 새 방법이 효과적임을 입증한다. 모든 실험 예제에서, 기하요소들의 정확도는 하우스도르프 거리의 상한보다 낮음을 측정하였다.We present a new approach to the development of efficient and stable algorithms for intersecting freeform surfaces, including the surface-surface-intersection and the surface self-intersection of bivariate rational B-spline surfaces. Our new approach is based on a hybrid Bounding Volume Hierarchy(BVH) that stores osculating toroidal patches in the leaf nodes. The BVH structure accelerates the geometric search for the potential pairs of local surface patches that may intersect or self-intersect. Osculating toroidal patches have second-order contact with C2-continuous freeform surfaces that they approximate, which plays an essential role in improving the precision of various geometric operations on the given surfaces. To support efficient computation of the surface-surface-intersection curve, we design a hybrid binary BVH that is basically a pre-built Rectangle-Swept Sphere(RSS) tree enhanced with osculating toroidal patches in their leaf nodes. Osculating toroidal patches provide efficient and robust solutions to the problem even in the non-trivial cases of handling two freeform surfaces intersecting almost tangentially everywhere. The surface self-intersection problem is considerably more difficult than computing the intersection of two different surfaces, mainly due to the existence of miter points. A self-intersecting surface changes its normal direction dramatically around miter points, located at the open endpoints of the self-intersection curve. This undesirable behavior causes serious problems in the stability of geometric algorithms on self-intersecting surfaces. To facilitate surface self-intersection computation with a stable detection of miter points, we propose a ternary tree structure for the hybrid BVH of freeform surfaces. In particular, we propose a special representation of miter points using sufficiently small quadrangles in the parameter domain of bivariate surfaces and expand ideas to offset surfaces. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed new approach using some highly non-trivial examples of freeform surfaces with tangential intersections and miter points. In all the test examples, the closeness of geometric entities is measured under the Hausdorff distance upper bound.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Surface-Surface-Intersection 5 1.3 Surface Self-Intersection 8 1.4 Main Contribution 12 1.5 Thesis Organization 14 Chapter 2 Preliminaries 15 2.1 Differential geometry of surfaces 15 2.2 Bezier curves and surfaces 17 2.3 Surface approximation 19 2.4 Torus 21 2.5 Summary 24 Chapter 3 Previous Work 25 3.1 Surface-Surface-Intersection 25 3.2 Surface Self-Intersection 29 3.3 Summary 32 Chapter 4 Bounding Volume Hierarchy for Surface Intersections 33 4.1 Binary Structure 33 4.1.1 Hierarchy of Bilinear Surfaces 34 4.1.2 Hierarchy of Planar Quadrangles 37 4.1.3 Construction of Leaf Nodes with Osculating Toroidal Patches 41 4.2 Ternary Structure 44 4.2.1 Miter Points 47 4.2.2 Leaf Nodes 50 4.2.3 Internal Nodes 51 4.3 Summary 56 Chapter 5 Surface-Surface-Intersection 57 5.1 BVH Traversal 58 5.2 Construction of SSI Curve Segments 59 5.2.1 Merging SSI Curve Segments with G1-Biarcs 60 5.2.2 Measuring the SSI Approximation Error Using G1-Biarcs 63 5.3 Tangential Intersection 64 5.4 Summary 65 Chapter 6 Surface Self-Intersection 67 6.1 Preprocessing 68 6.2 BVH Traversal 69 6.3 Construction of Intersection Curve Segments 70 6.4 Summary 72 Chapter 7 Trimming Offset Surfaces with Self-Intersection Curves 74 7.1 Offset Surface and Ternary Hybrid BVH 75 7.2 Preprocessing 77 7.3 Merging Intersection Curve Segments 81 7.4 Summary 84 Chapter 8 Experimental Results 85 8.1 Surface-Surface-Intersection 85 8.2 Surface Self-Intersection 97 8.2.1 Regular Surfaces 97 8.2.2 Offset Surfaces 100 Chapter 9 Conclusion 106 Bibliography 108 초록 120박

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationWhile boundary representations, such as nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces, have traditionally well served the needs of the modeling community, they have not seen widespread adoption among the wider engineering discipline. There is a common perception that NURBS are slow to evaluate and complex to implement. Whereas computer-aided design commonly deals with surfaces, the engineering community must deal with materials that have thickness. Traditional visualization techniques have avoided NURBS, and there has been little cross-talk between the rich spline approximation community and the larger engineering field. Recently there has been a strong desire to marry the modeling and analysis phases of the iterative design cycle, be it in car design, turbulent flow simulation around an airfoil, or lighting design. Research has demonstrated that employing a single representation throughout the cycle has key advantages. Furthermore, novel manufacturing techniques employing heterogeneous materials require the introduction of volumetric modeling representations. There is little question that fields such as scientific visualization and mechanical engineering could benefit from the powerful approximation properties of splines. In this dissertation, we remove several hurdles to the application of NURBS to problems in engineering and demonstrate how their unique properties can be leveraged to solve problems of interest

Supersonic cruise aircraft research: An annotated bibliography

This bibliography, with abstracts, consists of 69 publications arranged in chronological order. The material may be useful to those interested in supersonic cruise fighter/penetrator/interceptor airplanes. Two pertinent conferences on military supercruise aircraft are considered as single items; one contains 37 papers and the other 29 papers. In addition, several related bibliographies are included which cover supersonic civil aircraft and military aircraft studies at the Langley Research Center. There is also an author index