Are You Open? : A Content Analysis of Transparency and Openness Guidelines in HCI Journals

Within the wider open science reform movement, HCI researchers are actively debating how to foster transparency in their own field. Publication venues play a crucial role in instituting open science practices, especially journals, whose procedures arguably lend themselves better to them than conferences. Yet we know lit- tle about how much HCI journals presently support open science practices. We identified the 51 most frequently published-in jour- nals by recent CHI first authors and coded them according to the Transparency and Openness Promotion guidelines, a high-profile standard of evaluating editorial practices. Results indicate that jour- nals in our sample currently do not set or specify clear openness and transparency standards. Out of a maximum of 29, the modal score was 0 (mean = 2.5, SD = 3.6, max = 15). We discuss potential reasons, the aptness of natural science-based guidelines for HCI, and next steps for the HCI community in furthering openness and transparency

Perspectives from India: Challenges and Opportunities for Computational Tools to Enhance Confidence in Published Research

Over the past decade, a crisis of confidence in published scientific findings has catalyzed widespread response from the research community, particularly in the West. These responses have included policy discussions and changes to existing practice as well as computational infrastructure to support and evaluate research. Our work studies Indian researchers' awareness, perceptions, and challenges around research integrity. We explore opportunities for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered tools to evaluate reproducibility and replicability, centering cultural perspectives. We discuss requirements for such tools, including signals within papers and metadata to be included, and system hybridity (fully-AI vs. collaborative human-AI). We draw upon 19 semi-structured interviews and 72 follow-up surveys with researchers at universities throughout India. Our findings highlight the need for computational tools to contextualize confidence in published research. In particular, researchers prefer approaches that enable human-AI collaboration. Additionally, our findings emphasize the shortcomings of current incentive structures for publication, funding, and promotion

Interactive tools for reproducible science

Reproducibility should be a cornerstone of science. It plays an essential role in research validation and reuse. In recent years, the scientific community and the general public became increasingly aware of the reproducibility crisis, i.e. the wide-spread inability of researchers to reproduce published work, including their own. The reproducibility crisis has been identified in most branches of data-driven science. The effort required to document, clean, preserve, and share experimental resources has been described as one of the core contributors to this irreproducibility challenge. Documentation, preservation, and sharing are key reproducible research practices that are of little perceived value for scientists, as they fall outside the traditional academic reputation economy that is focused on novelty-driven scientific contributions. Scientific research is increasingly focused on the creation, observation, processing, and analysis of large data volumes. On one hand, this transition towards computational and data-intensive science poses new challenges for research reproducibility and reuse. On the other hand, increased availability and advances in computation and web technologies offer new opportunities to address the reproducibility crisis. A prominent example is the World Wide Web (WWW), which was developed in response to researchers’ needs to quickly share research data and findings with the scientific community. The WWW was invented at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). CERN is a key laboratory in High Energy Physics (HEP), one of the most data-intensive scientific domains. This thesis reports on research connected in the context of CAP, a Research Data Management (RDM) service tailored to CERN's major experiments. We use this scientific environment to study the role and requirements of interactive tools in facilitating reproducible research. In this thesis, we build a wider understanding of researchers' interactions with tools that support research documentation, preservation, and sharing. From an HCI perspective the following aspects are fundamental: (1) Characterize and map requirements and practices around research preservation and reuse. (2) Understand the wider role and impact of RDM tools in scientific workflows. (3) Design tools and interactions that promote, motivate, and acknowledge reproducible research practices. Research reported in this thesis represents the first systematic application of HCI methods in the study and design of interactive tools for reproducible science. We have built an empirical understanding of reproducible research practices and the role of supportive tools through research in HEP and across a variety of scientific fields. We designed prototypes and implemented services that aim to create rewarding and motivating interactions. We conducted mixed-method evaluations to assess the UX of the designs, in particular related to usefulness, suitability, and persuasiveness. We report on four empirical studies in which 42 researchers and data managers participated. In the first interview study, we asked HEP data analysts about RDM practices and invited them to explore and discuss CAP. Our findings show that tailored preservation services allow for introducing and promoting meaningful rewards and incentives that benefit contributors in their research work. Here, we introduce the term secondary usage forms of RDM tools. While not part of the core mission of the tools, secondary usage forms motivate contributions through meaningful rewards. We extended this research through a cross-domain interview study with data analysts and data stewards from a diverse set of scientific fields. Based on the findings of this cross-domain study, we contribute a Stage-Based Model of Personal RDM Commitment Evolution that explains how and why scientists commit to open and reproducible science. To address the motivation challenge, we explored if and how gamification can motivate contributions and promote reproducible research practices. To this end, we designed two prototypes of a gamified preservation service that was inspired by CAP. Each gamification prototype makes use of different underlying mechanisms. HEP researchers found both implementations valuable, enjoyable, suitable, and persuasive. The gamification layer improves visibility of scientists and research work and facilitates content navigation and discovery. Based on these findings, we implemented six tailored science badges in CAP in our second gamification study. The badges promote and reward high-quality documentation and special uses of preserved research. Findings from our evaluation with HEP researchers show that tailored science badges enable novel forms of research repository navigation and content discovery that benefit users and contributors. We discuss how the use of tailored science badges as an incentivizing element paves new ways for interaction with research repositories. Finally, we describe the role of HCI in supporting reproducible research practices. We stress that tailored RDM tools can improve content navigation and discovery, which is key in the design of secondary usage forms. Moreover, we argue that incentivizing elements like gamification may not only motivate contributions, but further promote secondary uses and enable new forms of interaction with preserved research. Based on our empirical research, we describe the roles of both HCI scholars and practitioners in building interactive tools for reproducible science. Finally, we outline our vision to transform computational and data-driven research preservation through ubiquitous preservation strategies that integrate into research workflows and make use of automated knowledge recording. In conclusion, this thesis advocates the unique role of HCI in supporting, motivating, and transforming reproducible research practices through the design of tools that enable effective RDM. We present practices around research preservation and reuse in HEP and beyond. Our research paves new ways for interaction with RDM tools that support and motivate reproducible science.Reproduzierbarkeit sollte ein wissenschaftlicher Grundpfeiler sein, da sie einen essenziellen Bestandteil in der Validierung und Nachnutzung von Forschungsarbeiten darstellt. Verfügbarkeit und Vollständigkeit von Forschungsmaterialien sind wichtige Voraussetzungen für die Interaktion mit experimentellen Arbeiten. Diese Voraussetzungen sind jedoch oft nicht gegeben. Zuletzt zeigten sich die Wissenschaftsgemeinde und die Öffentlichkeit besorgt über die Reproduzierbarkeitskrise in der empirischen Forschung. Diese Krise bezieht sich auf die Feststellung, dass Forscher oftmals nicht in der Lage sind, veröffentlichte Forschungsergebnisse zu validieren oder nachzunutzen. Tatsächlich wurde die Reproduzierbarkeitskrise in den meisten Wissenschaftsfeldern beschrieben. Eine der Hauptursachen liegt in dem Aufwand, der benötigt wird, um Forschungsmaterialien zu dokumentieren, vorzubereiten und zu teilen. Wissenschaftler empfinden diese Forschungspraktiken oftmals als unattraktiv, da sie außerhalb der traditionellen wissenschaftlichen Belohnungsstruktur liegen. Diese ist zumeist ausgelegt auf das Veröffentlichen neuer Forschungsergebnisse. Wissenschaftliche Forschung basiert zunehmend auf der Verarbeitung und Analyse großer Datensätze. Dieser Übergang zur rechnergestützten und daten-intensiven Forschung stellt neue Herausforderungen an Reproduzierbarkeit und Forschungsnachnutzung. Die weite Verbreitung des Internets bietet jedoch ebenso neue Möglichkeiten, Reproduzierbarkeit in der Forschung zu ermöglichen. Die Entwicklung des World Wide Web (WWW) stellt hierfür ein sehr gutes Beispiel dar. Das WWW wurde in der Europäischen Organisation für Kernforschung (CERN) entwickelt, um Forschern den weltweiten Austausch von Daten zu ermöglichen. CERN ist eine der wichtigsten Großforschungseinrichtungen in der Teilchenphysik, welche zu den daten-intensivsten Forschungsbereichen gehört. In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über unsere Forschung, die sich auf CERN Analysis Preservation (CAP) fokussiert. CAP ist ein Forschungsdatenmanagement-Service (FDM-Service), zugeschnitten auf die größten Experimente von CERN. In dieser Arbeit entwickeln und kommunizieren wir ein erweitertes Verständnis der Interaktion von Forschern mit FDM-Infrastruktur. Aus Sicht der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion (MCI) sind folgende Aspekte fundamental: (1) Das Bestimmen von Voraussetzungen und Praktiken rund um FDM und Nachnutzung. (2) Das Entwickeln von Verständnis für die Rolle und Auswirkungen von FDM-Systemen in der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit. (3) Das Entwerfen von Systemen, die Praktiken unterstützen, motivieren und anerkennen, welche die Reproduzierbarkeit von Forschung vorantreiben. Die Forschung, die wir in dieser Arbeit beschreiben, stellt die erste systematische Anwendung von MCI-Methoden in der Entwicklung von FDM-Systemen für Forschungsreproduzierbarkeit dar. Wir entwickeln ein empirisches Verständnis von Forschungspraktiken und der Rolle von unterstützenden Systemen durch überwiegend qualitative Forschung in Teilchenphysik und darüber hinaus. Des Weiteren entwerfen und implementieren wir Prototypen und Systeme mit dem Ziel, Wissenschaftler für FDM zu motivieren und zu belohnen. Wir verfolgten einen Mixed-Method-Ansatz in der Evaluierung der Nutzererfahrung bezüglich unserer Prototypen und Implementierungen. Wir berichten von vier empirischen Studien, in denen insgesamt 42 Forscher und Forschungsdaten-Manager teilgenommen haben. In unserer ersten Interview-Studie haben wir Teilchenphysiker über FDM-Praktiken befragt und sie eingeladen, CAP zu nutzen und über den Service zu diskutieren. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die mensch-zentrierte Studie von speziell angepassten FDM-Systemen eine besondere Blickweise auf das Entwerfen von Anreizen und bedeutungsvollen Belohnungen ermöglicht. Wir führen den Begriff secondary usage forms (Zweitnutzungsformen) in Bezug auf FDM-Infrastruktur ein. Hierbei handelt es sich um Nutzungsformen, die Forschern sinnvolle Anreize bieten, ihre Arbeiten zu dokumentieren und zu teilen. Basierend auf unseren Ergebnissen in der Teilchenphysik haben wir unseren Forschungsansatz daraufhin auf Wissenschaftler und Forschungsdatenmanager aus einer Vielzahl verschiedener und diverser Wissenschaftsfelder erweitert. In Bezug auf die Ergebnisse dieser Studie beschreiben wir ein zustandsbasiertes Modell über die Entwicklung individueller Selbstverpflichtung zu FDM. Wir erwarten, dass dieses Modell designorientierte Denk- und Methodenansätze in der künftigen Implementierung und Evaluation von FDM-Infrastruktur beeinflussen wird. Des Weiteren haben wir einen Forschungsansatz zu Spielifizierung (Gamification) verfolgt, in dem wir untersucht haben, ob und wie Spielelemente FDM-Praktiken motivieren können. Zunächst haben wir zwei Prototypen eines spielifizierten FDM-Tools entwickelt, welche sich an CAP orientieren. Obwohl die beiden Prototypen auf sehr unterschiedlichen Entwurfskonzepten beruhen, fanden Teilchenphysiker beide angemessen und motivierend. Die Studienteilnehmer diskutierten insbesondere verbesserte Sichtbarkeit individueller Forscher und wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser ersten Studie zu Spielifizierung in FDM haben wir im nächsten Schritt sechs speziell zugeschnittene Forschungs-Abzeichen (tailored science badges) in CAP implementiert. Die Abzeichen bewerben das ausführliche Dokumentieren sowie besondere Nutzen der auf dem Service zugänglichen Forschungsarbeiten. Die Ergebnisse unserer Evaluierung mit Teilchenphysikern zeigen, dass die speziell zugeschnittenen Forschungs-Abzeichen neue und effektivere Möglichkeiten bieten, Forschungsmaterialien systematisch zu durchsuchen und zu entdecken. Hierdurch profitieren sowohl Nutzer als auch Forschungsdaten-Beisteuernde. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen diskutieren wir, wie die Forschungs-Abzeichen neue Formen der Interaktion mit großen Forschungsrepositorien ermöglichen. Zum Schluss heben wir die besondere Rolle von MCI in der Entwicklung unterstützender FDM-Infrastruktur hervor. Wir betonen, dass speziell an Forschungspraktiken angepasste Systeme neue Ansätze in der Interaktion mit wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten ermöglichen. Wir beschreiben zwei Modelle und unsere Erwartung, wie MCI die Entwicklung künftiger FDM-Systeme nachhaltig beeinflussen kann. In diesem Zusammenhang präsentieren wir auch unsere Vision zu ubiquitären Strategien, die zum Ziel hat, Forschungsprozesse und Wissen systematisch festzuhalten

Towards Sustainable Research Data Management in Human-Computer Interaction

We discuss important aspects of HCI research regarding Research Data Management (RDM) to achieve better publication processes and higher reuse of HCI research results. Various context elements of RDM for HCI are discussed, including examples of existing and emerging infrastructures for RDM. We briefly discuss existing approaches and come up with additional aspects which need to be addressed. This is to apply the so-called FAIR principle fully, which -- besides being findable and accessible -- also includes interoperability and reusability. We also discuss briefly the kind of research data types that play a role here and propose to build on existing work and involve the HCI scientific community to improve current practices

The impact of e-government strategy on economic growth and social development

The digital revolution significantly re-organizes the daily lifestyle of people and habitual ways and means of doing business. The public sector cannot disregard the new trends of postindustrial information economy. If public administrations are to remain responsive, accountable and efficient in the XXI century, they need to transform the way they function by making more and better use of information and communication technology. Implementation of e-government aims to support modernization of the public sector enabling its openness, transparency and effectiveness. The evidence from existing literature shows that besides the reduction of administrative burdens, improvement of information and service quality and cost reduction, e-government is able to streamline economic and social development of the nations. However, due to the lack of arguments that prove the importance of e-government adoption at the same level as resolution of other economic and social problems that occur on the national levels, some critical opinions were expressed against the need of investment in the digital government. This research applying correlation and regression analysis using the panel data of 34 European countries during the period of 2003 until 2014, aims to evaluate the impact of e-government strategy on economic and social development and its ability to enhance wealth creation and to improve exciting social policies. Results provide an evidence of the positive significant effect of e-government implementation on GDP growth and several social indices, such as Rule of law, Political stability and Health index with significant decrease of Mortality rate at the same time.A revolução digital reorganizou significativamente, tanto o estilo de vida diário das pessoas, como as formas habituais e meios de fazer negócios. O setor público não pode ignorar as novas tendências da economia da informação pós-industrial. Se as administrações públicas são para continuar a ser responsivas, responsáveis e eficientes no século XXI, precisam de transformar a forma como funcionam, fazendo mais e melhor uso da tecnologia da informação e da comunicação. A implementação de governo eletrónico tem como objetivo apoiar a modernização do setor público, possibilitando a sua abertura, transparência e eficácia. A evidência da literatura existente mostra que, além das reduções dos encargos administrativos, melhoria da informação, qualidade de serviço e redução de custos, governo eletrónico é capaz de agilizar o desenvolvimento económico e social das nações. No entanto, devido à falta de argumentos que demonstrem a importância da adoção do governo eletrónico ao mesmo nível que a resolução de outros problemas socioeconómicos que ocorrem aos níveis nacionais, algumas opiniões críticas foram expressas contra a necessidade de investimento no governo digital. Esta pesquisa, que aplicou uma análise de correlação e regressão, usando dados de um painel de 34 países europeus durante o período de 2003 a 2014, tem como objectivo avaliar o impacto da estratégia de implementação do governo eletrónico no desenvolvimento económico e social e a sua capacidade de potenciar a criação de riqueza e de melhorar políticas sociais estimulantes. Os resultados mostram sinais do efeito positive e significativo da implementação do governo eletrónico sobre o crescimento do PIB e em diversos indicadores sociais, tais como, no Estado de Direito, na estabilidade política e em índice de saúde com uma diminuição significativa da taxa de mortalidade ao mesmo tempo

Interactive tools for reproducible science

Reproducibility should be a cornerstone of science. It plays an essential role in research validation and reuse. In recent years, the scientific community and the general public became increasingly aware of the reproducibility crisis, i.e. the wide-spread inability of researchers to reproduce published work, including their own. The reproducibility crisis has been identified in most branches of data-driven science. The effort required to document, clean, preserve, and share experimental resources has been described as one of the core contributors to this irreproducibility challenge. Documentation, preservation, and sharing are key reproducible research practices that are of little perceived value for scientists, as they fall outside the traditional academic reputation economy that is focused on novelty-driven scientific contributions. Scientific research is increasingly focused on the creation, observation, processing, and analysis of large data volumes. On one hand, this transition towards computational and data-intensive science poses new challenges for research reproducibility and reuse. On the other hand, increased availability and advances in computation and web technologies offer new opportunities to address the reproducibility crisis. A prominent example is the World Wide Web (WWW), which was developed in response to researchers’ needs to quickly share research data and findings with the scientific community. The WWW was invented at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). CERN is a key laboratory in High Energy Physics (HEP), one of the most data-intensive scientific domains. This thesis reports on research connected in the context of CAP, a Research Data Management (RDM) service tailored to CERN's major experiments. We use this scientific environment to study the role and requirements of interactive tools in facilitating reproducible research. In this thesis, we build a wider understanding of researchers' interactions with tools that support research documentation, preservation, and sharing. From an HCI perspective the following aspects are fundamental: (1) Characterize and map requirements and practices around research preservation and reuse. (2) Understand the wider role and impact of RDM tools in scientific workflows. (3) Design tools and interactions that promote, motivate, and acknowledge reproducible research practices. Research reported in this thesis represents the first systematic application of HCI methods in the study and design of interactive tools for reproducible science. We have built an empirical understanding of reproducible research practices and the role of supportive tools through research in HEP and across a variety of scientific fields. We designed prototypes and implemented services that aim to create rewarding and motivating interactions. We conducted mixed-method evaluations to assess the UX of the designs, in particular related to usefulness, suitability, and persuasiveness. We report on four empirical studies in which 42 researchers and data managers participated. In the first interview study, we asked HEP data analysts about RDM practices and invited them to explore and discuss CAP. Our findings show that tailored preservation services allow for introducing and promoting meaningful rewards and incentives that benefit contributors in their research work. Here, we introduce the term secondary usage forms of RDM tools. While not part of the core mission of the tools, secondary usage forms motivate contributions through meaningful rewards. We extended this research through a cross-domain interview study with data analysts and data stewards from a diverse set of scientific fields. Based on the findings of this cross-domain study, we contribute a Stage-Based Model of Personal RDM Commitment Evolution that explains how and why scientists commit to open and reproducible science. To address the motivation challenge, we explored if and how gamification can motivate contributions and promote reproducible research practices. To this end, we designed two prototypes of a gamified preservation service that was inspired by CAP. Each gamification prototype makes use of different underlying mechanisms. HEP researchers found both implementations valuable, enjoyable, suitable, and persuasive. The gamification layer improves visibility of scientists and research work and facilitates content navigation and discovery. Based on these findings, we implemented six tailored science badges in CAP in our second gamification study. The badges promote and reward high-quality documentation and special uses of preserved research. Findings from our evaluation with HEP researchers show that tailored science badges enable novel forms of research repository navigation and content discovery that benefit users and contributors. We discuss how the use of tailored science badges as an incentivizing element paves new ways for interaction with research repositories. Finally, we describe the role of HCI in supporting reproducible research practices. We stress that tailored RDM tools can improve content navigation and discovery, which is key in the design of secondary usage forms. Moreover, we argue that incentivizing elements like gamification may not only motivate contributions, but further promote secondary uses and enable new forms of interaction with preserved research. Based on our empirical research, we describe the roles of both HCI scholars and practitioners in building interactive tools for reproducible science. Finally, we outline our vision to transform computational and data-driven research preservation through ubiquitous preservation strategies that integrate into research workflows and make use of automated knowledge recording. In conclusion, this thesis advocates the unique role of HCI in supporting, motivating, and transforming reproducible research practices through the design of tools that enable effective RDM. We present practices around research preservation and reuse in HEP and beyond. Our research paves new ways for interaction with RDM tools that support and motivate reproducible science.Reproduzierbarkeit sollte ein wissenschaftlicher Grundpfeiler sein, da sie einen essenziellen Bestandteil in der Validierung und Nachnutzung von Forschungsarbeiten darstellt. Verfügbarkeit und Vollständigkeit von Forschungsmaterialien sind wichtige Voraussetzungen für die Interaktion mit experimentellen Arbeiten. Diese Voraussetzungen sind jedoch oft nicht gegeben. Zuletzt zeigten sich die Wissenschaftsgemeinde und die Öffentlichkeit besorgt über die Reproduzierbarkeitskrise in der empirischen Forschung. Diese Krise bezieht sich auf die Feststellung, dass Forscher oftmals nicht in der Lage sind, veröffentlichte Forschungsergebnisse zu validieren oder nachzunutzen. Tatsächlich wurde die Reproduzierbarkeitskrise in den meisten Wissenschaftsfeldern beschrieben. Eine der Hauptursachen liegt in dem Aufwand, der benötigt wird, um Forschungsmaterialien zu dokumentieren, vorzubereiten und zu teilen. Wissenschaftler empfinden diese Forschungspraktiken oftmals als unattraktiv, da sie außerhalb der traditionellen wissenschaftlichen Belohnungsstruktur liegen. Diese ist zumeist ausgelegt auf das Veröffentlichen neuer Forschungsergebnisse. Wissenschaftliche Forschung basiert zunehmend auf der Verarbeitung und Analyse großer Datensätze. Dieser Übergang zur rechnergestützten und daten-intensiven Forschung stellt neue Herausforderungen an Reproduzierbarkeit und Forschungsnachnutzung. Die weite Verbreitung des Internets bietet jedoch ebenso neue Möglichkeiten, Reproduzierbarkeit in der Forschung zu ermöglichen. Die Entwicklung des World Wide Web (WWW) stellt hierfür ein sehr gutes Beispiel dar. Das WWW wurde in der Europäischen Organisation für Kernforschung (CERN) entwickelt, um Forschern den weltweiten Austausch von Daten zu ermöglichen. CERN ist eine der wichtigsten Großforschungseinrichtungen in der Teilchenphysik, welche zu den daten-intensivsten Forschungsbereichen gehört. In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über unsere Forschung, die sich auf CERN Analysis Preservation (CAP) fokussiert. CAP ist ein Forschungsdatenmanagement-Service (FDM-Service), zugeschnitten auf die größten Experimente von CERN. In dieser Arbeit entwickeln und kommunizieren wir ein erweitertes Verständnis der Interaktion von Forschern mit FDM-Infrastruktur. Aus Sicht der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion (MCI) sind folgende Aspekte fundamental: (1) Das Bestimmen von Voraussetzungen und Praktiken rund um FDM und Nachnutzung. (2) Das Entwickeln von Verständnis für die Rolle und Auswirkungen von FDM-Systemen in der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit. (3) Das Entwerfen von Systemen, die Praktiken unterstützen, motivieren und anerkennen, welche die Reproduzierbarkeit von Forschung vorantreiben. Die Forschung, die wir in dieser Arbeit beschreiben, stellt die erste systematische Anwendung von MCI-Methoden in der Entwicklung von FDM-Systemen für Forschungsreproduzierbarkeit dar. Wir entwickeln ein empirisches Verständnis von Forschungspraktiken und der Rolle von unterstützenden Systemen durch überwiegend qualitative Forschung in Teilchenphysik und darüber hinaus. Des Weiteren entwerfen und implementieren wir Prototypen und Systeme mit dem Ziel, Wissenschaftler für FDM zu motivieren und zu belohnen. Wir verfolgten einen Mixed-Method-Ansatz in der Evaluierung der Nutzererfahrung bezüglich unserer Prototypen und Implementierungen. Wir berichten von vier empirischen Studien, in denen insgesamt 42 Forscher und Forschungsdaten-Manager teilgenommen haben. In unserer ersten Interview-Studie haben wir Teilchenphysiker über FDM-Praktiken befragt und sie eingeladen, CAP zu nutzen und über den Service zu diskutieren. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die mensch-zentrierte Studie von speziell angepassten FDM-Systemen eine besondere Blickweise auf das Entwerfen von Anreizen und bedeutungsvollen Belohnungen ermöglicht. Wir führen den Begriff secondary usage forms (Zweitnutzungsformen) in Bezug auf FDM-Infrastruktur ein. Hierbei handelt es sich um Nutzungsformen, die Forschern sinnvolle Anreize bieten, ihre Arbeiten zu dokumentieren und zu teilen. Basierend auf unseren Ergebnissen in der Teilchenphysik haben wir unseren Forschungsansatz daraufhin auf Wissenschaftler und Forschungsdatenmanager aus einer Vielzahl verschiedener und diverser Wissenschaftsfelder erweitert. In Bezug auf die Ergebnisse dieser Studie beschreiben wir ein zustandsbasiertes Modell über die Entwicklung individueller Selbstverpflichtung zu FDM. Wir erwarten, dass dieses Modell designorientierte Denk- und Methodenansätze in der künftigen Implementierung und Evaluation von FDM-Infrastruktur beeinflussen wird. Des Weiteren haben wir einen Forschungsansatz zu Spielifizierung (Gamification) verfolgt, in dem wir untersucht haben, ob und wie Spielelemente FDM-Praktiken motivieren können. Zunächst haben wir zwei Prototypen eines spielifizierten FDM-Tools entwickelt, welche sich an CAP orientieren. Obwohl die beiden Prototypen auf sehr unterschiedlichen Entwurfskonzepten beruhen, fanden Teilchenphysiker beide angemessen und motivierend. Die Studienteilnehmer diskutierten insbesondere verbesserte Sichtbarkeit individueller Forscher und wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser ersten Studie zu Spielifizierung in FDM haben wir im nächsten Schritt sechs speziell zugeschnittene Forschungs-Abzeichen (tailored science badges) in CAP implementiert. Die Abzeichen bewerben das ausführliche Dokumentieren sowie besondere Nutzen der auf dem Service zugänglichen Forschungsarbeiten. Die Ergebnisse unserer Evaluierung mit Teilchenphysikern zeigen, dass die speziell zugeschnittenen Forschungs-Abzeichen neue und effektivere Möglichkeiten bieten, Forschungsmaterialien systematisch zu durchsuchen und zu entdecken. Hierdurch profitieren sowohl Nutzer als auch Forschungsdaten-Beisteuernde. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen diskutieren wir, wie die Forschungs-Abzeichen neue Formen der Interaktion mit großen Forschungsrepositorien ermöglichen. Zum Schluss heben wir die besondere Rolle von MCI in der Entwicklung unterstützender FDM-Infrastruktur hervor. Wir betonen, dass speziell an Forschungspraktiken angepasste Systeme neue Ansätze in der Interaktion mit wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten ermöglichen. Wir beschreiben zwei Modelle und unsere Erwartung, wie MCI die Entwicklung künftiger FDM-Systeme nachhaltig beeinflussen kann. In diesem Zusammenhang präsentieren wir auch unsere Vision zu ubiquitären Strategien, die zum Ziel hat, Forschungsprozesse und Wissen systematisch festzuhalten

A Systematic Review on Reproducibility in Child-Robot Interaction

Research reproducibility - i.e., rerunning analyses on original data to replicate the results - is paramount for guaranteeing scientific validity. However, reproducibility is often very challenging, especially in research fields where multi-disciplinary teams are involved, such as child-robot interaction (CRI). This paper presents a systematic review of the last three years (2020-2022) of research in CRI under the lens of reproducibility, by analysing the field for transparency in reporting. Across a total of 325 studies, we found deficiencies in reporting demographics (e.g. age of participants), study design and implementation (e.g. length of interactions), and open data (e.g. maintaining an active code repository). From this analysis, we distill a set of guidelines and provide a checklist to systematically report CRI studies to help and guide research to improve reproducibility in CRI and beyond

Country overview Brazil

The inclusion of social participation concerns in public policies in Brazil reflects a contemporary approach to democracy, according to which modern citizens should be able to contribute to the creation of laws and policies, as well as contribute with states in their implementation. This report aims to provide an overview of the normative and institutional state of art of ICT-mediated citizen participation in Brazil. The first section provides an overview of the political and civic liberties framework in Brazil. In the second section the landscape of ICT-mediated citizen engagement is mapped. In the third section, the report engages with implications of technology mediations for deliberative democracy and transformative citizenship. The study argues that the discussion around participation (and e-participation) has dimmed in the last few years in Brazil. It could be a consequence of the current crises in the democratic system that we face today, the diminishing presence of social movements as effective members of government and the lack of proper institutionalisation of forms of online participation. The study also states that existing literature on participation and ICT-mediated engagement in Brazil seems to point out that increasing participation will be a complex process involving not only political and cultural change, but the understanding that technology decisions are increasingly political decisions. Access to the Internet and its use and appropriation policies will be ever more connected to democracy.DFIDUSAIDSidaOmidyar Networ

Building the Open Elements of an Open Data Competition

The European Union is increasingly committed to pushing forward open approaches as indicated by the G8 Open Data Charter, the Opening Up Education initiative, the launch of the Open Education Europa Portal for OER resources and other similar initiatives. The EU-funded LinkedUp Project (Linking Web data for education) aims to gather successful exemplars of the use of open web data in education, with the objective of pushing forward the exploitation of the increasing amounts of public, open data available online. It aspires to do this by facilitating developer competitions and deploying an evaluation framework, which identifies innovative uses of robust, web-scale information management applications. This article will look at how LinkedUp has moved beyond advocacy of linked open data and has begun encompassing open approaches in all areas of work. One key focus has been in bringing together the open elements of an open data competition and sharing them as widely and openly as possible. It is anticipated that these elements can then be progressed and built upon by others organising similar competitions in both academia and industry

Transparency in Persuasive Technology, Immersive Technology and Online Marketing: A Narrative Review. EROGamb 2 Narrative Review

In the current age of emerging technologies and big data, transparency has become an important issue in online marketing for not only consumers’ online privacy but also their impression of trustworthiness, integrity and good conduct (Seizov and Wulf, 2020; DiStaso and Bortree, 2012; Rawlins, 2008). However, there is a lack of consensus on what constitutes or relates to transparency across domains of research, not to mention clear guidelines to achieve transparency for designers and marketers. The main aim of this review is to examine the transparency-related aspects, either elements and mechanisms or issues and risks, implemented or discussed in the fields of persuasive technology, immersive technology and online marketing. In this multidisciplinary narrative review, we explored the question of what transparency means in current research and practices by reviewing the existing literature in the three fields. Whilst the focus is on the above mentioned fields, the knowledge synthesised from this review is transferrable to a range of contexts relating to communication of information in the digital world. Literature searches were conducted in Web of Science. Two experienced reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts. For potentially eligible studies, one reviewer read the full texts. To be included, the article had to be relevant to transparency and within the field of persuasive technology, immersive technology or online marketing. Transparency could appear in various forms, given the lack of definition and discussion of transparency in literature. Relevance to transparency was evaluated based on the elements, mechanism or current practices implemented or discussed in the literature regarding the lack or support of transparency. Through this narrative review, we provide insights into the different aspects of transparency involved in persuasive technology, immersive technology and online marketing. Addressing these aspects will facilitate the users’ or consumers’ freedom and autonomy and thus contribute to their informed decision making. In summary, transparency in persuasive technology involves transparency of persuasive design and techniques, transparency of potential risks and user autonomy, and informed decision making and dark patterns of design. Similarly, transparency in immersive technology involves transparency of potential risks, transparency of system and user control, and using immersive technology as a tool for enhancing information transparency and informed decision making. Transparency in online marketing comprises organisational transparency, information transparency, transparency of data privacy and informed consent, and transparency of online advertising and social media. We summarised the recommendations based on this review to guide the design and practice of transparency. In future, more efforts should be focused on ensuring users’ awareness and understanding regarding the persuasive nature and intention in persuasive technology, and the computing process where possible, and these efforts involvesimproving related regulation and policy, raising awareness of the relationship between transparency and trustworthiness, and improving the design of information disclosure. Transparency also involves the notion that new technologies should be designed and developed to support human-computer collaboration and reciprocity. Also, visualisation could support transparency of recommendations by providing users with the rationale behind suggested items. User consent should be achieved prior to a data collection process, including the purpose of data collection, what data is collected, and how the data is stored, anonymised and removed. Information should also be made transparent regarding the potential impact or risks of the technology, including how it may interfere with users’ activities and restrict their autonomy. Benefits and risks of the technology should be given equal value in consent forms to be presented to users. the potential solution to improving transparency involves a human-centred, personalised approach to the design of new technologies. The good practices for transparency of persuasive and immersiv