Assessing brain connectivity through electroencephalographic signal processing and modeling analysis

Brain functioning relies on the interaction of several neural populations connected through complex connectivity networks, enabling the transmission and integration of information. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques, such as electroencephalography (EEG), have deepened our understanding of the reciprocal roles played by brain regions during cognitive processes. The underlying idea of this PhD research is that EEG-related functional connectivity (FC) changes in the brain may incorporate important neuromarkers of behavior and cognition, as well as brain disorders, even at subclinical levels. However, a complete understanding of the reliability of the wide range of existing connectivity estimation techniques is still lacking. The first part of this work addresses this limitation by employing Neural Mass Models (NMMs), which simulate EEG activity and offer a unique tool to study interconnected networks of brain regions in controlled conditions. NMMs were employed to test FC estimators like Transfer Entropy and Granger Causality in linear and nonlinear conditions. Results revealed that connectivity estimates reflect information transmission between brain regions, a quantity that can be significantly different from the connectivity strength, and that Granger causality outperforms the other estimators. A second objective of this thesis was to assess brain connectivity and network changes on EEG data reconstructed at the cortical level. Functional brain connectivity has been estimated through Granger Causality, in both temporal and spectral domains, with the following goals: a) detect task-dependent functional connectivity network changes, focusing on internal-external attention competition and fear conditioning and reversal; b) identify resting-state network alterations in a subclinical population with high autistic traits. Connectivity-based neuromarkers, compared to the canonical EEG analysis, can provide deeper insights into brain mechanisms and may drive future diagnostic methods and therapeutic interventions. However, further methodological studies are required to fully understand the accuracy and information captured by FC estimates, especially concerning nonlinear phenomena

Proceedings of Universiti Sains Malaysia International Conference on Social Sciences 2015 - Touching Lives, Bridging Society

A society and people in general have always been the major focus of any study in the field of social sciences. Given the conflicts, competition, pressures, tensions and differences that are prevalent and persisting around us in today‘s society, social scientists can have a great potential to touch the lives of all human beings in many different societies. By doing so, they too can bridge the gaps that are seen to be widening between and within societies today. The field of social sciences critically examines and analyses elements of human existence, their infinite combinations of interactions, their value systems, traditions, culture, options and choices and practices. This is reflected in a broad range of disciplines which include anthropology and sociology, development studies, economics, political science, psychology and social work. The proceedings of this conference includes papers presented at the USM-International Conference on Social Sciences (USM-ICOSS) 2015 which was hosted with the aptly noble theme ―Touching Lives and Bridging Society‖ and held from 27 - 28 August 2015 at the Rainbow Paradise Beach Resort, Penang, Malaysia. This conference is solely organized by the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia

Parameter Search for Aesthetic Design and Composition

PhDThis thesis is about algorithmic creation in the arts – where an artist, designer or composer uses a formal generative process to assist in crafting forms and patterns – and approaches to finding effective input parameter values to these generative processes for aesthetic ends. Framed in three practical studies, approaches to navigating the aesthetic possibilities of generative processes in sound and visuals are presented, and strategies for eliciting the preferences of the consumers of the generated output are explored. The first study presents a musical interface that enables navigation of the possibilities of a stochastic generative process with respect to measures of subjective predictability. Through a mobile phone version of the application, aesthetic preferences are crowd-sourced. The second study presents an eye-tracking based framework for the exploration of the possibilities afforded by generative designs; the interaction between the viewers’ gaze patterns and the system engendering a fluid navigation of the state-space of the visual forms. The third study presents a crowd-sourced interactive evolutionary system, where populations of abstract colour images are shaped by thousands of preference selections from users worldwide For each study, the results of analyses eliciting the attributes of the generated outputs – and their associated parameter values – that are most preferred by the consumers/users of these systems are presented. Placed in a historical and theoretical context, a refined perspective on the complex interrelationships between generative processes, input parameters and perceived aesthetic value is presented. Contributions to knowledge include identified trends in objective aesthetic preferences in colour combinations and their arrangements, theoretical insights relating perceptual mechanisms to generative system design and analysis, strategies for effectively leveraging evolutionary computation in an empirical aesthetic context, and a novel eye-tracking based framework for the exploration of visual generative designs.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) as part of the Doctoral Training Centre in Media and Arts Technology at Queen Mary University of London (ref: EP/G03723X/1)

Play Among Books

How does coding change the way we think about architecture? Miro Roman and his AI Alice_ch3n81 develop a playful scenario in which they propose coding as the new literacy of information. They convey knowledge in the form of a project model that links the fields of architecture and information through two interwoven narrative strands in an “infinite flow” of real books

Proceedings of the BEST EN Think Tank XVII: innovation and progress in sustainable tourism

BEST EN is an international consortium of educators committed to the development and dissemination of knowledge in the field of sustainable tourism. The organization's annual Think Tank brings together academics and industry representatives from around the world to discuss a particular theme related to sustainable tourism in order to move research and education in this specific field forward. We are pleased to present the proceedings of the BEST Education Network (BESTEN) Think Tank XVII entitled Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism. The event was held in Mauritius, June 14-17, 2017, in conjunction with the International Center for Sustainable Tourism and Hospitality, University of Mauritius. The term 'sustainable tourism' emerged in the early 1980s building on earlier concerns about the negative impacts of tourism and linking tourism to the wider sustainability movement. Despite 30 years of discussion of tourism and sustainability in academic and government documents, recent reviews suggest that there is considerable room for improvement in the practice of sustainable tourism. The proceedings present work by academics and practitioners worldwide, conducted on various aspects of innovation and progress in sustainable tourism. They include abstracts and papers accepted by the scientific committee following a double blind peer review process. Twenty-eight research papers were presented at the conference. Presentations were held within the following themed sessions: • Assessing Progress, Contributions & Teaching and Learning • Innovation – Sustainable, Experiential, Product and Marketing • Tourism Impacts, Sustainable Tourism Education, Interpretation • Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Researching Sustainable Tourism The contributions were thematically selected for each group and are arranged in order of presentation in the proceedings. The full proceedings as well as the PowerPoint presentations are available on the BEST EN website www.besteducationnetwork.org/ The Editor and the BEST EN Executive Committee anticipate that readers of this volume will find the papers informative, thought provoking and of value to their research

Einstein vs. Bergson

On 6 April 1922, Einstein met Bergson to debate the nature of time: is the time the physicist calculates the same time the philosopher reflects on? Einstein claimed that only scientific time is real, while Bergson argued that scientific time always presupposes a living and perceiving subject. On that day, nearly 100 years ago, conflict was inevitable. Is it still inevitable today? How many kinds of time are there

Culture, worldview and transformative philosophy of mathematics education in Nepal: a cultural-philosophical inquiry

This thesis portrays my multifaceted and emergent inquiry into the protracted problem of culturally decontextualised mathematics education faced by students of Nepal, a culturally diverse country of south Asia with more than 90 language groups. I generated initial research questions on the basis of my history as a student of primary, secondary and university levels of education in Nepal, my Master’s research project, and my professional experiences as a teacher educator working in a university of Nepal between 2004 and 2006. Through an autobiographical excavation of my experiences of culturally decontextualised mathematics education, I came up with several emergent research questions, leading to six key themes of this inquiry: (i) hegemony of the unidimensional nature of mathematics as a body of pure knowledge, (ii) unhelpful dualisms in mathematics education, (iii) disempowering reductionisms in curricular and pedagogical aspects, (iv) narrowly conceived ‘logics’ that do not account for meaningful lifeworld-oriented thinking in mathematics teaching and learning, (v) uncritical attitudes towards the image of curriculum as a thing or object, and (vi) narrowly conceived notions of globalisation, foundationalism and mathematical language that give rise to a decontextualised mathematics teacher education program.With these research themes at my disposal my aim in this research was twofold. Primarily, I intended to explore, explain and interpret problems, issues and dilemmas arising from and embedded in the research questions. Such an epistemic activity of articulation was followed by envisioning, an act of imagining futures together with reflexivity, perspectival language and inclusive vision logics.In order to carry out both epistemic activities – articulating and envisioning – I employed a multi-paradigmatic research design space, taking on board mainly the paradigms of criticalism, postmodernism, interpretivism and integralism. The critical paradigm offered a critical outlook needed to identify the research problem, to reflect upon my experiences as a mathematics teacher and teacher educator, and to make my lifetime’s subjectivities transparent to readers, whereas the paradigm of postmodernism enabled me to construct multiple genres for cultivating different aspects of my experiences of culturally decontextualised mathematics education. The paradigm of interpretivism enabled me to employ emergence as the hallmark of my inquiry, and the paradigm of integralism acted as an inclusive meta-theory of the multi-paradigmatic design space for portraying my vision of an inclusive mathematics education in Nepal.Within this multi-paradigmatic design space, I chose autoethnography and small p philosophical inquiry as my methodological referents. Autoethnography helped generate the research text of my cultural-professional contexts, whereas small p philosophical inquiry enabled me to generate new knowledge via a host of innovative epistemologies that have the goal of deepening understanding of normal educational practices by examining them critically, identifying underpinning assumptions, and reconstructing them through scholarly interpretations and envisioning. Visions cultivated through this research include: (i) an inclusive and multidimensional image of the nature of mathematics as an im/pure knowledge system, (ii) the metaphors of thirdspace and dissolution for conceiving an inclusive mathematics education, (iii) a multilogical perspective for morphing the hegemony of reductionism-inspired mathematics education, (iv) an inclusive image of mathematics curriculum as montage that provides a basis for incorporating different knowledge systems in mathematics education, and (v) perspectives of glocalisation, healthy scepticism and multilevel contextualisation for constructing an inclusive mathematics teacher education program

Inhomogeneity of visual space, discontinuity of perceptual time and cultural imprinting as exemplified with experiments on visual attention, aesthetic appreciation and temporal processing

Eines der wichtigsten Argumente für einen kognitivistischen Zugang zur Psychologie ist, dass sich die Psychologie nicht grundlegend von der Physik zu unterscheiden scheint; mentale Phänomene sind offenbar unmittelbar auf physikalische Realität bezogen. Beginnend mit der Psychophysik seit dem neunzehnten Jahrhunderts haben Experimente gezeigt, dass dieser Denkansatz nicht nur mit großen Vorteilen, sondern auch mit einigen Fallstricken verbunden sein kann. Auf der Basis des zugrundeliegenden Konzepts, dass mentale Phänomene physikalischen Ereignissen unmittelbar zugeordnet werden können, wird automatisch angenommen, dass die zeitliche Verarbeitung von sensorischen Informationen kontinuierlich sei, wie es das Zeitkonzept in der klassischen Physik nahelegt. Dieses Konzept widerspricht der Möglichkeit einer diskreten zeitlichen Informationsverarbeitung, wie sie in der Tat gilt. Des weiteren wird davon ausgegangen, dass Informationsverarbeitung in einem homogenen visuellen Wahrnehmungsraum eingebettet ist; dies ist jedoch nicht der Fall. Es wird dargestellt, dass mit einfachen sensorischen Reizen oder komplexen ästhetischen Stimuli und deren experimenteller Manipulation ein brauchbares empirisches Paradigma für ein besseres Verständnis von kognitiven Mechanismen bereitsteht, das auf diskrete zeitliche Verarbeitung und einen inhomogenen visuellen Wahrnehmungsraum hinweist. In mehreren Experimenten wird gezeigt, daß die Modulation der Aufmerksamkeit im Gesichtsfeld nicht homogen ist; Reaktionszeitexperimente mit spezifischen Modifikationen stützen die Hypothese, dass funktionell zwei Aufmerksamkeitssysteme im Gesichtsfeld eingebettet sind. Weitere unterstützende Beobachtungen über die Inhomogenität des Gesichtsfeldes kommen aus Experimenten zur ästhetischen Wahrnehmung westlicher und östlicher Kunstwerke. Diese Forschung bestätigt überdies das allgemeine Konzept von anthropologischen Universalien sowie kulturellen oder individuellen Spezifika bei der ästhetischen Wahrnehmung. Im Hinblick auf die zeitliche Wahrnehmung weisen Histogramme der Reaktionszeit auf diskrete zeitliche Informationsverarbeitung hin, was sich auch aus Beobachtungen der zeitlichen Ordnungsschwelle herleiten läßt. Bei der Untersuchung verzögerter Reaktionen wird gezeigt, dass eine präzise zeitliche Kontrolle erst nach einem längeren Intervall erreicht wird. Zusammenfassend kann man aus den verschiedenen Experimenten herleiten, dass mentale Prozesse im räumlichen und zeitlichen Bereich zwar offenkundig nicht direkt zugänglich sind, doch sollte dies nicht als eine undurchdringliche Barriere angesehen werden, um Mechanismen mentaler Prozesse zu entschlüsseln. Mit den klar definierten physikalischen Stimuli und der genauen Beachtung von Stationaritätsbedingungen bei Messungen kann diskrete zeitliche Verarbeitung und Inhomogenität des visuellen Wahrnehmungsraums gezeigt werden.One of the most compelling arguments for a cognitivist approach to psychology is that psychology does not seem to be fundamentally different from physics; mental phenomena appear to be directly related to physical reality. Experimental evidence beginning in the nineteenth century with psychophysics has shown that this approach can offer great benefits, but can suffer from some pitfalls as well. On the basis of the underlying concept that mental phenomena match directly physical events, it is automatically assumed that temporal processing of sensory information is continuous as it is assumed in classical physics neglecting the possibility of discrete temporal information processing, which in fact is the case. Furthermore, it is assumed that information processing is embedded in a homogeneous perceptual visual space; this is not the case. It is shown that the use of simple sensory stimuli or complex aesthetic stimuli and their experimental manipulation provide a useful empirical paradigm for a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms, i.e., indicating discrete temporal processing and an inhomogeneous perceptual visual space. A number of experiments show that attentional modulation is not homogeneous in the visual field; observations using the reaction time paradigm with specific modifications support the hypothesis that two attention systems are functionally embedded in the visual field. Further supportive findings about the inhomogeneity of the visual field come from experiments on the aesthetic perception of Western and Eastern artworks. This research also confirms in addition the general concept of anthropological universals and cultural or individual specifics in aesthetic appreciation. With regard to temporal perception, reaction time distributions suggest discrete time sampling which can also be derived from observations on temporal order threshold. When testing delayed reactions after stimulus presentation, it is shown that precise temporal control is reached only after a rather long interval. It can be concluded on the basis of the different experiments that even though mental processes in the space and time domain are obviously not directly accessible, this should not be considered as an impenetrable barrier to unravel the mechanism of mental processes. Employing well-defined physical stimuli and strictly observing stationarity conditions in measurements indicate discreteness in temporal processing and inhomogeneity of visual space