8,764 research outputs found

    Wildlife trade in Latin America: people, economy and conservation

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    Wildlife trade is among the main threats to biodiversity conservation and may pose a risk to human health because of the spread of zoonotic diseases. To avoid social, economic and environmental consequences of illegal trade, it is crucial to understand the factors influencing the wildlife market and the effectiveness of policies already in place. I aim to unveil the biological and socioeconomic factors driving wildlife trade, the health risks imposed by the activity, and the effectiveness of certified captive-breeding as a strategy to curb the illegal market in Latin America through a multidisciplinary approach. I assess socioeconomic correlates of the emerging international trade in wild cat species from Latin America using a dataset of >1,000 seized cats, showing that high levels of corruption and Chinese private investment and low income per capita were related to higher numbers of jaguar seizures. I assess the effectiveness of primate captive-breeding programmes as an intervention to curb wildlife trafficking. Illegal sources held >70% of the primate market share. Legal primates are more expensive, and the production is not sufficiently high to fulfil the demand. I assess the scale of the illegal trade and ownership of venomous snakes in Brazil. Venomous snake taxa responsible for higher numbers of snakebites were those most often kept as pets. I uncover how online wildlife pet traders and consumers responded to campaigns associating the origin of the COVID-19 pandemic. Of 20,000 posts on Facebook groups, only 0.44% mentioned COVID-19 and several stimulated the trade in wild species during lockdown. Despite the existence of international and national wildlife trade regulations, I conclude that illegal wildlife trade is still an issue that needs further addressing in Latin America. I identify knowledge gaps and candidate interventions to amend the current loopholes to reduce wildlife trafficking. My aspiration with this thesis is to provide useful information that can inform better strategies to tackle illegal wildlife trade in Latin America

    Annals [...].

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    Pedometrics: innovation in tropics; Legacy data: how turn it useful?; Advances in soil sensing; Pedometric guidelines to systematic soil surveys.Evento online. Coordenado por: Waldir de Carvalho Junior, Helena Saraiva Koenow Pinheiro, Ricardo Simão Diniz Dalmolin

    Desarrollo de una herramienta integral de gestión de gases de efecto invernadero para la toma de decisión contra el cambio climático a nivel regional y local en la Comunitat Valenciana

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    Tesis por compendio[ES] Actualmente, los responsables de tomar decisiones contra el cambio climático carecen de herramientas para desarrollar inventarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) con suficiente rigor científico-técnico y precisión para priorizar e invertir los recursos disponibles de manera eficiente en las medidas necesarias para luchar contra el cambio climático. Por ello, en esta tesis se expone el desarrollo de un sistema de información territorial y sectorial (SITE) para monitorear las emisiones de GEI que sirva como herramienta de gobernanza climática local y regional. SITE combina las ventajas de los enfoques metodológicos descendente o top-down (de arriba hacia abajo) y ascendente o bottom-up (de abajo hacia arriba), para lograr un enfoque híbrido innovador para contabilizar y gestionar de manera eficiente las emisiones de GEI. Por tanto, en esta tesis se definen los diferentes desarrollos metodológicos, tanto generales como específicos de sectores clave del Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPPC) (edificación, transporte, sector forestal, etc.), un desarrollo informático para la parte de SITE que se ejecuta del lado del servidor, que de ahora en adelante denominaremos back-end del sistema, y siete implementaciones como casos de estudio representativos, a diferentes escalas y aplicados sobre diferentes sectores. Estas implementaciones a diferentes escalas y sectores demuestran el potencial del sistema como herramienta de apoyo en la toma de decisión contra el cambio climático a nivel regional y local. Las diferentes implementaciones en casos piloto representativos, tanto a nivel regional en la Comunitat Valenciana como a nivel local en municipios grandes (València) y medianos (Quart de Poblet y Llíria) muestran el potencial de adaptación territorial y sectorial que tiene la herramienta. Las metodologías desarrolladas para los sectores específicos de tráfico rodado, edificación o sector forestal, ofrecen cuantificaciones con una resolución espacial con gran capacidad de optimizar las políticas locales y regionales. Por tanto, la herramienta cuenta con un gran potencial de escalabilidad y gran capacidad de mejora continua mediante la inclusión de nuevos enfoques metodológicos, adaptación de las metodologías a la disponibilidad de datos, metodologías concretas para sectores clave y actualización a las mejores metodologías disponibles derivadas de actividades de investigación de la comunidad científica.[CA] Actualment, els responsables de prendre decisions contra el canvi climàtic no tenen eines per aconseguir inventaris d'emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle (GEH) amb prou cientificotècnic rigor, precisió i integritat per invertir els recursos disponibles de manera eficient en les mesures necessàries contra el canvi climàtic. Per això, en aquesta tesis se exposa el desenvolupa un sistema d'informació territorial i sectorial (SITE) per monitoritzar les emissions de GEH com a eina de governança climàtica local i regional. Aquest sistema combina els avantatges dels enfocaments metodològics descendent o top-down (de dalt a baix) i ascendent o bottom-up (de baix a dalt), per aconseguir un enfocament híbrid innovador per comptabilitzar i gestionar de manera eficient les emissions de GEH. Per tant, en aquesta tesi doctoral es descriuen els diferents desenvolupaments metodològics, tant generals com específics de sectors clau del Panel Intergovernamental contra el Canvi Climàtic (edificació, transport, forestal, etc.), un desenvolupament informàtic per al back-end del sistema i set implementacions com a casos d'estudi representatius, a diferents escales, amb els diferents enfocaments metodològics i aplicats sobre diferents sectors. Això queda descrit en sis capítols. Aquestes implementacions a diferents escales i sectors demostren el potencial del sistema com a eina de suport en la presa de decisió contra el canvi climàtic a nivell regional i local. Les diferents implementacions en casos pilot representatius, tant a nivell regional a la Comunitat Valenciana com a nivell local en municipis grans (València) i mitjans (Quart de Poblet i Llíria,) mostren el potencial d'adaptació territorial i sectorial que té l'eina. Les metodologies desenvolupades per als sectors específics de trànsit rodat, edificació i forestal, ofereixen quantificacions amb una resolució espacial amb gran capacitat d'optimitzar les polítiques locals i regionals. Per tant, l'eina compta amb un gran potencial d'escalabilitat i gran capacitat de millora contínua mitjançant la inclusió de nous enfocaments metodològics, adaptació de les metodologies a la disponibilitat de dades, metodologies concretes per a sectors clau, i actualització a les millors metodologies disponibles derivades de activitats de investigació de la comunitat científica.[EN] Currently, regional and local decision-makers lack of tools to achieve greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions inventories with enough rigor, accuracy and completeness in order to prioritize available resources efficiently against climate change. Thus, in this thesis the development of a territorial and sectoral information system (SITE) to monitor GHG emissions as a local and regional climate governance tool is exposed. This system combines the advantages of both, top-down and bottom-up approaches, to achieve an innovative hybrid approach to account and manage efficiently GHG emissions. Furthermore, this thesis defines the methodologies developed, a computer proposal for the back-end of the system and seven implementations as representative case studies at different scales (local and regional level), with the different methodological approaches and applied to different sectors. Thus, these implementations demonstrate the potential of the system as decision-making tool against climate change at the regional and local level as climate governance tool. The different implementations in representative pilot cases, both at the regional level in the Valencian Community and at the local level in large (Valencia) and medium-sized municipalities (Quart de Poblet and Llíria) demonstrate the potential for territorial and sectoral adaptation of the system developed. The methodologies developed for the specific sectors of road transport, building and forestry, offer quantifications with a spatial resolution with a great capacity to optimize local and regional policies. Therefore, the tool has a great potential for scalability and a great capacity for continuous improvement through the inclusion of new methodological approaches, adapting the methodologies to the availability of data, specific methodologies for key sectors, and updating to the best methodologies available in the scientific community.Lorenzo Sáez, E. (2022). Desarrollo de una herramienta integral de gestión de gases de efecto invernadero para la toma de decisión contra el cambio climático a nivel regional y local en la Comunitat Valenciana [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181662TESISCompendi

    Synthesis and Characterisation of Low-cost Biopolymeric/mineral Composite Systems and Evaluation of their Potential Application for Heavy Metal Removal

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    Heavy metal pollution and waste management are two major environmental problems faced in the world today. Anthropogenic sources of heavy metals, especially effluent from industries, are serious environmental and health concerns by polluting surface and ground waters. Similarly, on a global scale, thousands of tonnes of industrial and agricultural waste are discarded into the environment annually. There are several conventional methods to treat industrial effluents, including reverse osmosis, oxidation, filtration, flotation, chemical precipitation, ion exchange resins and adsorption. Among them, adsorption and ion exchange are known to be effective mechanisms for removing heavy metal pollution, especially if low-cost materials can be used. This thesis was a study into materials that can be used to remove heavy metals from water using low-cost feedstock materials. The synthesis of low-cost composite matrices from agricultural and industrial by-products and low-cost organic and mineral sources was carried out. The feedstock materials being considered include chitosan (generated from industrial seafood waste), coir fibre (an agricultural by-product), spent coffee grounds (a by-product from coffee machines), hydroxyapatite (from bovine bone), and naturally sourced aluminosilicate minerals such as zeolite. The novel composite adsorbents were prepared using commercially sourced HAp and bovine sourced HAp, with two types of adsorbents being synthesized, including two- and three-component composites. Standard synthetic methods such as precipitation were developed to synthesize these materials, followed by characterization of their structural, physical, and chemical properties (by using FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX and XRD). The synthesized materials were then evaluated for their ability to remove metal ions from solutions of heavy metals using single-metal ion type and two-metal ion type solution systems, using the model ion solutions, with quantification of their removal efficiency. It was followed by experimentation using the synthesized adsorbents for metal ion removal in complex systems such as an industrial input stream solution system obtained from a local timber treatment company. Two-component composites were considered as control composites to compare the removal efficiency of the three-component composites against. The heavy metal removal experiments were conducted under a range of experimental conditions (e.g., pH, sorbent dose, initial metal ion concentration, time of contact). Of the four metal ion systems considered in this study (Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cr as chromate ions), Pb2+ ion removal by the composites was found to be the highest in single-metal and two-metal ion type solution systems, while chromate ion removal was found to be the lowest. The bovine bone-based hydroxyapatite (bHAp) composites were more efficient at removing the metal cations than composites formed from a commercially sourced hydroxyapatite (cHAp). In industrial input stream solution systems (containing Cu, Cr and As), the Cu2+ ion removal was the highest, which aligned with the observations recorded in the single and two-metal ion type solution systems. Arsenate ion was removed to a higher extent than chromate ion using the three-component composites, while the removal of chromate ion was found to be higher than arsenate ion when using the two-component composites (i.e., the control system). The project also aimed to elucidate the removal mechanisms of these synthesized composite materials by using appropriate adsorption and kinetic models. The adsorption of metal ions exhibited a range of adsorption behaviours as both the models (Langmuir and Freundlich) were found to fit most of the data recorded in different adsorption systems studied. The pseudo-second-order model was found to be the best fitted to describe the kinetics of heavy metal ion adsorption in all the composite adsorbent systems studied, in single-metal ion type and two-metal ion type solution systems. The ion-exchange mechanism was considered as one of the dominant mechanisms for the removal of cations (in single-metal and two-metal ion type solution systems) and arsenate ions (in industrial input stream solution systems) along with other adsorption mechanisms. In contrast, electrostatic attractions were considered to be the dominant mechanism of removal for chromate ions

    An Overview of the Mechanisms Involved in Coffee-Hemileia vastatrix Interactions: Plant and Pathogen Perspectives

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    Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. It is also one of the most globally traded commodities. Coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix, is the most important disease affecting Arabica coffee growing worldwide, leading to significant yield losses if no control measures are applied. A deep understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in coffee-H. vastatrix interactions, such as the pathogen variability and the mechanisms governing plant resistance and susceptibility, is required to breed efficiently for durable resistance and design new approaches for crop protection. Here we summarize our current understanding across multiple areas related to pathogen infection, variability and candidate effectors, breeding for disease resistance, and the various components of the coffee immune system, by reviewing a comprehensive body of research on CLR and the advances recently made. We also update information about the defense responses activated by the application of plant resistance inducers, a promising alternative to fungicides in the control of CLR. Moreover, we identify and discuss future directions for further researchinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Scientific and technological developments in mating disruption of scale insects

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    [EN] Mating disruption (MD) is a species-specific and environmentally friendly pest management tactic based on the release of synthetic sex pheromones aiming to interrupt the mate-finding communication and prevent mating in the target pest. The present work aims to provide an overview of the current scientific and technical knowledge on mating disruption of scale pests (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biparental scales are suitable targets for mating disruption (technically, MD is not suitable for parthenogenetic scales), as the females have a limited spreading ability, and adult males are short lived and have a narrow window of time for mate searching. In this perspective, delayed mating also plays an important role by reducing female attractiveness and population growth potential. The mechanisms involved in MD of scales are most likely assigned to `competitive disruption¿ rather than `noncompetitive¿ mechanisms, although no specific studies addressed this issue. Mating disruption has been commercially developed and increasingly applied against the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and the California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) to a lesser extent. Critical factors affecting MD effectiveness are the pest density and effective disruption late in the season. Mating disruption applied to scale pests is effective in small plots and compatible with biological control and integrated management programs. In conclusion, MD has a high potential for management of scale pests, providing that key factors such as technological advances in pheromone synthesis and pheromone formulations, elucidation of disruption mechanisms, and simplification of the registration process are addressed.The authors wish to thank Alejandro Carbonell and Teresa Gadea (EPA, Ecologia y Proteccion Agricola SL), Ignacio de Alfonso (Suterra LCC), David Haviland (University of California), and Vittorio Veronelli (CBC Europe) for providing insightful information on the application and spread of mating disruption. Funding was provided by Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia I.P., Portugal, to Centro de Estudos Florestais (UIDB/00239/2020), and by the University of Catania in the framework of the research project `Emergent pests and pathogens and relative sustainable strategies -5A722192113'.Franco. José Carlos; Cocco, A.; Lucchi, A.; Mendel, Z.; Suma, P.; Vacas, S.; Mansour, R.... (2022). Scientific and technological developments in mating disruption of scale insects. Entomologia Generalis. 42(2):251-273. https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2021/1220S25127342

    Study, development and improvement of MCM-41-type MSN synthesis oriented to biomedical applications

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    [ES] La presente tesis doctoral, titulada "Estudio, desarrollo y mejora de la síntesis de nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice (MSN) tipo MCM-41 orientada a aplicaciones biomédicas" se centra en la síntesis, caracterización, estudio y evaluación de diferentes MSN tipo MCM-41, con el objetivo de ampliar el conocimiento de las MSN como nanomateriales implicados en aplicaciones biomédicas. El primer capítulo de este trabajo es una introducción general sobre los temas que se van a tratar a lo largo de la tesis. Por un lado, se introducen los principales conceptos sobre las nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosas, y en particular las MSN de tipo MCM-41, como su descubrimiento, sus propiedades, ventajas y aplicaciones, su síntesis y la química implicada, y la posibilidad de ser funcionalizadas o dopadas para adquirir propiedades adicionales y únicas. Por otro lado, se presenta un amplio abanico de técnicas de caracterización de MSN, destacando su importancia en la presente tesis. Por último, se revisan los conceptos de nanomedicina y nanomateriales, incluyendo el conjunto de requisitos que deben cumplir los nanomateriales para ser validados, los tipos de nanomateriales desarrollados hasta el momento y los principales cuellos de botella encontrados en la traslación clínica de los nanomateriales. En este contexto, se revisan los estudios de las MSN en nanomedicina, señalando los retos de las mismas dentro de esta especialidad y la oportunidad que ofrecen a la ciencia de los materiales. En el segundo capítulo se exponen los objetivos generales de la presente tesis doctoral, que son abordados en los siguientes capítulos. El tercer capítulo se basa en un estudio en profundidad del mecanismo de síntesis de las MSN de tipo MCM-41, considerando el mecanismo de estructuración de la sílice, la nucleación, el crecimiento y los procesos de envejecimiento. En particular, se analizan detalladamente las primeras etapas de la síntesis de MSN. Además, se revisan los diferentes modelos descritos sobre el mecanismo de estructuración de la sílice, que han sido ampliamente estudiados. El cuarto capítulo se centra en la investigación del efecto de algunos parámetros tradicionalmente poco estudiados en la síntesis y formación de MSN de tipo MCM-41, como el tiempo de síntesis, la velocidad de agitación, el núcleo de agitación magnética utilizado, la velocidad de adición del TEOS y el método de neutralización una vez formadas las nanopartículas. También se introduce una revisión de la influencia de los parámetros de síntesis más estudiados en las MSN tipo MCM-41. El quinto capítulo se basa en el estudio de la obtención, caracterización y manipulación de MSN de tipo MCM-41 coloidales. En primer lugar, se presenta una revisión crítica de los trabajos que informan sobre la obtención de MSN coloidales, correctamente suspendidas o discretas. En segundo lugar, se introduce una metodología para caracterizar la estabilidad coloidal de las MSN. En tercer lugar, se estudia y compara el comportamiento coloidal de diferentes nanopartículas en diferentes condiciones. Y, por último, se desarrolla un marco conceptual y de trabajo sobre los principios que rigen la estabilidad coloidal de las nanopartículas. El sexto capítulo es un estudio exhaustivo de las implicaciones del uso de diferentes procedimientos de eliminación de surfactantes en las MSN de tipo MCM-41, como la calcinación a diferentes temperaturas y la extracción con disolventes. Las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las MSN estudiadas son la eficiencia de eliminación de surfactantes, el grado de condensación de la sílice, la porosidad, la estabilidad coloidal y la reactividad superficial. Además, se comprobó la biocompatibilidad de las nanopartículas en cuanto a su citotoxicidad y su degradación en un entorno fisiológico simulado, para validar su uso en aplicaciones biomédicas. El séptimo capítulo recoge las conclusiones generales de la presente tesis, que resumen las conclusiones obtenidas en cada capítulo.[CA] L'actual tesi doctoral, titulada "Estudi, desenvolupament i millora de la síntesi de nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice (MSN) de tipus MCM-41 orientada cap a aplicacions biomèdiques" se centra en la síntesi, caracterització, estudi i avaluació de diferents mostres de MSN de tipus MCM-41 amb l'objectiu de millorar el coneixement de les MSN com nanomaterials implicats en aplicacions biomèdiques. El primer capítol d'aquest treball és una introducció general sobre els elements que es tractaran durant tota la tesi. D'una banda, s'introdueixen els conceptes principals sobre les nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice, i en particular les de tipus MCM-41, com el seu descobriment, les seues propietats, avantatges i aplicacions, la seua síntesi i la química implicada, i la possibilitat de ser funcionalitzades o dopades per adquirir propietats addicionals i úniques. D'altra banda, es presenta una àmplia gamma de tècniques de caracterització de MSN destacant la seua importància en la tesi actual. Finalment, es revisen els conceptes de nanomedicina i nanomaterials, incloent-hi el conjunt de requisits que els nanomaterials han d'aconseguir per ser validats, els tipus de nanomaterials desenvolupats fins ara, i els principals colls d'ampolla trobats en la translació clínica de nanomaterials. En aquest context, es revisen els estudis de les MSN en nanomedicina, assenyalant els seus reptes dins de la nanomedicina i l'oportunitat que ofereixen a la ciència dels materials. El segon capítol exposa els objectius generals de la tesi doctoral actual, que són abordats en els següents capítols. El tercer capítol es basa en un estudi en profunditat del mecanisme de síntesi de les MSN tipus MCM-41, considerant el mecanisme d'estructuració de la sílice, la nucleació, el creixement i els processos de maduració. Particularment, les primeres etapes de la síntesi de MSNs s'analitzen en detall. A més, es revisen els diferents models reportats sobre el mecanisme d'estructuració de sílice, que ja han sigut àmpliament estudiats. El quart capítol es centra en la investigació de l'efecte d'alguns paràmetres tradicionalment menys estudiats en la síntesi i formació de l'MSN de tipus MCM-41, com: el temps de síntesi, la velocitat d'agitació, el nucli d'agitació magnètica utilitzat, la velocitat d'addició de TEOS i el mètode de neutralització una vegada que es formen les nanopartícules. També s'introdueix una revisió de la influència dels paràmetres de síntesi més estudiats en les MSN de tipus MCM-41. El cinqué capítol es basa en l'estudi de l'obtenció, caracterització i manipulació de les MSN de tipus MCM-41 col·loidals. En primer lloc, es presenta una revisió crítica dels treballs que descriuen l'obtenció de MSN col·loidals, correctament suspeses o discretes. En segon lloc, s'introdueix una metodologia per caracteritzar l'estabilitat col·loidal de les MSN. En tercer lloc, s'estudia i compara el comportament col·loidal de diverses nanopartícules en diferents condicions. I finalment, es desenvolupa un marc conceptual i de treball sobre els principis que regeixen l'estabilitat col·loidal de les nanopartícules. El sisé capítol és un estudi exhaustiu de les implicacions de l'ús de diferents procediments d'extracció de surfactants a les MSN de tipus MCM-41, com la calcinació a diferents temperatures i l'extracció de dissolvents. Les propietats fisicoquímiques de les MSN estudiades són l'eficiència d'extracció de surfactant, el grau de condensació de sílice, la mesoporositat, l'estabilitat col·loidal i la reactivitat de la superfície. A més, la biocompatibilitat de les nanopartícules es va provar pel que fa a la seua citotoxicitat i la seua degradació en un entorn fisiològic simulat, per validar el seu ús en aplicacions biomèdiques. El seté capítol recull les conclusions generals de la tesi actual, que resumeix les conclusions obtingudes en cada capítol, però també proporciona noves perspectives i una visió global de la matèria estudiada.[EN] The present PhD thesis, entitled "Study, development and improvement of MCM-41-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) synthesis oriented to biomedical applications" is focused on the synthesis, characterisation, study and evaluation of different MCM-41-type MSN samples to improve the knowledge of MSN as nanomaterials involved in biomedical applications. The first chapter of this work is a general introduction about the items that are going to be treated throughout the thesis. On the one hand, the main concepts about the mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and in particular MCM-41-type MSN, are introduced, such as their discovery, their properties, advantages, and applications, their synthesis and the chemistry involved, and the possibility of being functionalised or doped to acquire additional and unique properties. On the other hand, a wide range of MSN characterisation techniques are presented highlighting their importance in the current thesis. Finally, the concepts of nanomedicine and nanomaterials are reviewed, including the set of requirements the nanomaterials must accomplish to be validated, the types of nanomaterials developed thus far, and the main bottlenecks found in clinical translation of nanomaterials. In this context, the studies of MSN in nanomedicine are reviewed, illustrating the challenges of MSN within the nanomedicine and the opportunity their offer to material science. Second chapter exposes the general objectives of present PhD thesis, which are addressed in the following chapters. Third chapter is based on an in-depth study of the synthesis mechanism of MCM-41-type MSN, considering the silica templating mechanism, the nucleation, the growth and the aging processes. Particularly, the early stages of the MSNs synthesis are substantially analysed. In addition, the different models reported about the silica templating mechanism, which are widely studied, are reviewed. Fourth chapter is focused on the investigation of the effect of some disregarded parameters on the synthesis and formation of MCM-41-type MSN, such as synthesis time, stirring rate, the magnetic stir bar used, TEOS addition rate and the neutralisation method once nanoparticles are formed. A review of the influence of the most studied synthesis parameters on MCM-41-type MSN is also introduced. Fifth chapter is based on the study of the obtaining, characterisation and manipulation of colloidal MCM-41-type MSN. First, a critical review of works that report the obtaining of colloidal, well-suspended or discrete MSN is presented. Second, a methodology to characterise the colloidal stability of MSN is introduced. Third, the colloidal behaviour of several nanoparticles under different conditions is studied and compared. And finally, a conceptual and operational framework about the principles governing the colloidal stability of nanoparticles is developed. Sixth chapter is a comprehensive study of the implications of the use of different surfactant removal procedures on standard MCM-41-type MSN, such as calcination at different temperatures and solvent extraction. The physicochemical properties of MSN studied are the surfactant removal efficiency, the silica condensation degree, the mesostructured framework, the colloidal stability and the surface reactivity. Additionally, the biocompatibility of nanoparticles was tested regarding their cytotoxicity and their degradation in a simulated physiological environment, to validate their use in biomedical applications. Finally, seventh chapter gathers the general conclusions of the current thesis, which summarise the conclusions obtained in each chapter, but also provide new perspectives and the big picture of the studied matter.Candela Noguera, V. (2022). Study, development and improvement of MCM-41-type MSN synthesis oriented to biomedical applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182386TESI
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