Impact of Denial-of-Service Attack on Directional Compact Geographic Forwarding Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

يَعِدُ بروتوكول التوجيه، الموجه الجغرافي المضغوط (DCGF) بتوليد الحد الأدنى من النفقات العامة من خلال استخدام هوائي ذكي وتجميع واعٍ لجودة الخدمة (QoS). ومع ذلك، تم اختبار DCGF فقط في سيناريو خالٍ من الهجمات دون إشراك عناصر الأمان.  لذلك، تم إجراء استقصاء لفحص خوارزمية بروتوكول التوجيه فيما إذا كانت آمنة ضد الشبكات القائمة على الهجوم بوجود هجوم رفض الخدمة (DoS).  تم إجراء هذا التحليل على هجوم DoS باستخدام مهاجم واحد مثالي، A1، للتحقيق في تأثير هجوم DoS على DCGF في خط اتصال.  أظهرت الدراسة أن   DCGF لا يعمل بكفاءة من حيث نسبة تسليم الحزم واستهلاك الطاقة حتى على مهاجم واحد.Directional Compact Geographic Forwarding (DCGF) routing protocol promises a minimal overhead generation by utilizing a smart antenna and Quality of Service (QoS) aware aggregation. However, DCGF was tested only in the attack-free scenario without involving the security elements. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to examine the routing protocol algorithm whether it is secure against attack-based networks in the presence of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. This analysis on DoS attack was carried out using a single optimal attacker, A1, to investigate the impact of DoS attack on DCGF in a communication link. The study showed that DCGF does not perform efficiently in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption even on a single attacker

Enhanced reliable and energy efficient pressure based data forwarding schemes for underwater wireless sensor networks

Data collection in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) requires highly optimized communication approach in order to achieve efficient data packet delivery. This approach consists of different communication layers of which routing protocol is an important consideration. Several issues including packet entrapment due to void region, selection of forwarding node with insufficient link quality and packet collision in congested forwarding area have emanated. Therefore, three different research problems were formulated to address the issue of reliability and energy efficiency in data forwarding in UWSN. First, void handling for packet entrapment in the void region, which generate delays and communication overhead. Second, non-optimal node selection that causes forwarding delays and non-reliable packet delivery. Third, collision due to congestion, which leads to packet drop and unreliable packet delivery. Thus, enhanced reliable and energy-efficient pressure-based data forwarding schemes for UWSN were developed, which are the Communication Void Avoidance (CVA) to estimate neighbour nodes availability outside a void region in order to avoid voids and reduce delay; a Multi-metric Evaluation mechanism for next forwarder Node Selection (MENS) for optimal packet delivery; and a Congestion Avoidance and MITigation (CAMIT) in data forwarding for congestion and collision reduction in order to achieve reliable data forwarding. Several experiments were performed through simulations to access the performance of the proposed mechanisms and the results of each scheme were compared with related previously published protocols. The obtained results depict that the proposed schemes outperformed the existing schemes and significantly improved overall performance. CVA improved Packet Delivery Ratio by 12.8% to 18.7% and reduced End-to-end delay by 7.3% to 12.5% on average. MENS improved communication Data Rate by 13.2% to 15.1% and Energy Consumption improved by 10.6% to 15.3% on average. Lastly, CAMIT reduced Packet Drop ratio by 10.2% to 13% on average. The findings demonstrate the improved efficiency has been achieved by the CVA, MENS and CAMIT in terms of optimal node selection and reliability in packet forwarding in UWSN

Medium access control schemes for flat mobile wireless sensor networks

One aspect of Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs) is the MAC protocol, which is critical in terms of reliability, delay and energy consumption. This work begins with a literature review, showing that the majority of MWSN MACs are designed for hierarchical architectures, demonstrating that there is a lack of MACs intended for flat architecture MWSNs. Subsequently, we propose three new MAC protocols, uniquely designed for flat MWSNs. Explicitly, the proposed MACs are Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Dedicated Slots, Network Division Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance and Network Division Multiple Access with Dedicated Slots, which are specifically designed to work with the state-of-the-art Location Aware Sensor Routing protocol. Extensive modelling and simulation is done in dense and sparse scenarios with varying traffic levels to evaluate the impact of the proposed from the perspective of both the link and network layers. Given the uniqueness of the proposed protocols, four well-known MACs are also included to give a performance reference to the results. The MAC results show that the collision-free protocols give the best reliability and that Global-TDMA consistently yields the highest level of throughput. This highlights the importance of taking into account both MAC and routing during the design process

MSGR: A Mode-Switched Grid-Based Sustainable Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

© 2013 IEEE. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of enormous amount of sensor nodes. These sensor nodes sense the changes in physical parameters from the sensing range and forward the information to the sink nodes or the base station. Since sensor nodes are driven with limited power batteries, prolonging the network lifetime is difficult and very expensive, especially for hostile locations. Therefore, routing protocols for WSN must strategically distribute the dissipation of energy, so as to increase the overall lifetime of the system. Current research trends from areas, such as from Internet of Things and fog computing use sensors as the source of data. Therefore, energy-efficient data routing in WSN is still a challenging task for real-Time applications. Hierarchical grid-based routing is an energy-efficient method for routing of data packets. This method divides the sensing area into grids and is advantageous in wireless sensor networks to enhance network lifetime. The network is partitioned into virtual equal-sized grids. The proposed mode-switched grid-based routing protocol for WSN selects one node per grid as the grid head. The routing path to the sink is established using grid heads. Grid heads are switched between active and sleep modes alternately. Therefore, not all grid heads take part in the routing process at the same time. This saves energy in grid heads and improves the network lifetime. The proposed method builds a routing path using each active grid head which leads to the sink. For handling the mobile sink movement, the routing path changes only for some grid head nodes which are nearer to the grid, in which the mobile sink is currently positioned. Data packets generated at any source node are routed directly through the data disseminating grid head nodes on the routing path to the sink

Detecting Non-Line of Sight to Prevent Accidents in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

There are still many challenges in the field of VANETs that encouraged researchers to conduct further investigation in this field to meet these challenges. The issue pertaining to routing protocols such as delivering the warning messages to the vehicles facing Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) situations without causing the storm problem and channel contention, is regarded as a serious dilemma which is required to be tackled in VANET, especially in congested environments. This requires the designing of an efficient mechanism of routing protocol that can broadcast the warning messages from the emergency vehicles to the vehicles under NLOS, reducing the overhead and increasing the packet delivery ratio with a reduced time delay and channel utilisation. The main aim of this work is to develop the novel routing protocol for a high-density environment in VANET through utilisation of its high mobility features, aid of the sensors such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and Navigation System (NS). In this work, the cooperative approach has been used to develop the routing protocol called the Co-operative Volunteer Protocol (CVP), which uses volunteer vehicles to disseminate the warning message from the source to the target vehicle under NLOS issue; this also increases the packet delivery ratio, detection of NLOS and resolution of NLOS by delivering the warning message successfully to the vehicle under NLOS, thereby causing a direct impact on the reduction of collisions between vehicles in normal mode and emergency mode on the road near intersections or on highways. The cooperative approach adopted for warning message dissemination reduced the rebroadcast rate of messages, thereby decreasing significantly the storm issue and the channel contention. A novel architecture has been developed by utilising the concept of a Context-Aware System (CAS), which clarifies the OBU components and their interaction with each other in order to collect data and take the decisions based on the sensed circumstances. The proposed architecture has been divided into three main phases: sensing, processing and acting. The results obtained from the validation of the proposed CVP protocol using the simulator EstiNet under specific conditions and parameters showed that performance of the proposed protocol is better than that of the GRANT protocol with regard to several metrics such as packet delivery ratio, neighbourhood awareness, channel utilisation, overhead and latency. It is also successfully shown that the proposed CVP could detect the NLOS situation and solves it effectively and efficiently for both the intersection scenario in urban areas and the highway scenario

Synoptic analysis techniques for intrusion detection in wireless networks

Current system administrators are missing intrusion alerts hidden by large numbers of false positives. Rather than accumulation more data to identify true alerts, we propose an intrusion detection tool that e?ectively uses select data to provide a picture of ?network health?. Our hypothesis is that by utilizing the data available at both the node and cooperative network levels we can create a synoptic picture of the network providing indications of many intrusions or other network issues. Our major contribution is to provide a revolutionary way to analyze node and network data for patterns, dependence, and e?ects that indicate network issues. We collect node and network data, combine and manipulate it, and tease out information about the state of the network. We present a method based on utilizing the number of packets sent, number of packets received, node reliability, route reliability, and entropy to develop a synoptic picture of the network health in the presence of a sinkhole and a HELLO Flood attacker. This method conserves network throughput and node energy by requiring no additional control messages to be sent between the nodes unless an attacker is suspected. We intend to show that, although the concept of an intrusion detection system is not revolutionary, the method in which we analyze the data for clues about network intrusion and performance is highly innovative

Security of the Internet of Things: Vulnerabilities, Attacks and Countermeasures

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) constitute one of the most promising third-millennium technologies and have wide range of applications in our surrounding environment. The reason behind the vast adoption of WSNs in various applications is that they have tremendously appealing features, e.g., low production cost, low installation cost, unattended network operation, autonomous and longtime operation. WSNs have started to merge with the Internet of Things (IoT) through the introduction of Internet access capability in sensor nodes and sensing ability in Internet-connected devices. Thereby, the IoT is providing access to huge amount of data, collected by the WSNs, over the Internet. Hence, the security of IoT should start with foremost securing WSNs ahead of the other components. However, owing to the absence of a physical line-of-defense, i.e., there is no dedicated infrastructure such as gateways to watch and observe the flowing information in the network, security of WSNs along with IoT is of a big concern to the scientific community. More specifically, for the application areas in which CIA (confidentiality, integrity, availability) has prime importance, WSNs and emerging IoT technology might constitute an open avenue for the attackers. Besides, recent integration and collaboration of WSNs with IoT will open new challenges and problems in terms of security. Hence, this would be a nightmare for the individuals using these systems as well as the security administrators who are managing those networks. Therefore, a detailed review of security attacks towards WSNs and IoT, along with the techniques for prevention, detection, and mitigation of those attacks are provided in this paper. In this text, attacks are categorized and treated into mainly two parts, most or all types of attacks towards WSNs and IoT are investigated under that umbrella: “Passive Attacks” and “Active Attacks”. Understanding these attacks and their associated defense mechanisms will help paving a secure path towards the proliferation and public acceptance of IoT technology

A Survey on the Communication Protocols and Security in Cognitive Radio Networks

A cognitive radio (CR) is a radio that can change its transmission parameters based on the perceived availability of the spectrum bands in its operating environment. CRs support dynamic spectrum access and can facilitate a secondary unlicensed user to efficiently utilize the available underutilized spectrum allocated to the primary licensed users. A cognitive radio network (CRN) is composed of both the secondary users with CR-enabled radios and the primary users whose radios need not be CR-enabled. Most of the active research conducted in the area of CRNs has been so far focused on spectrum sensing, allocation and sharing. There is no comprehensive review paper available on the strategies for medium access control (MAC), routing and transport layer protocols, and the appropriate representative solutions for CRNs. In this paper, we provide an exhaustive analysis of the various techniques/mechanisms that have been proposed in the literature for communication protocols (at the MAC, routing and transport layers), in the context of a CRN, as well as discuss in detail several security attacks that could be launched on CRNs and the countermeasure solutions that have been proposed to avoid or mitigate them. This paper would serve as a good comprehensive review and analysis of the strategies for MAC, routing and transport protocols and security issues for CRNs as well as would lay a strong foundation for someone to further delve onto any particular aspect in greater depth