Risks, Safety and Security in the Ecosystem of Smart Cities

We have performed a review of systemic risks in smart cities dependent on intelligent and partly autonomous transport systems. Smart cities include concepts such as smart transportation/use of autonomous transportation systems (i.e., autonomous cars, subways, shipping, drones) and improved management of infrastructure (power and water supply). At the same time, this requires safe and resilient infrastructures and need for global collaboration. One challenge is some sort of risk based regulation of emergent vulnerabilities. In this paper we focus on emergent vulnerabilities and discussion of how mitigation can be organized and structured based on emergent and known scenarios cross boundaries. We regard a smart city as a software ecosystem (SEC), defined as a dynamic evolution of systems on top of a common technological platform offering a set of software solutions and services. Software ecosystems are increasingly being used to support critical tasks and operations. As a part of our work we have performed a systematic literature review of safety, security and resilience software ecosystems, in the period 2007–2016. The perspective of software ecosystems has helped to identify and specify patterns of safety, security and resilience on a relevant abstraction level. Significant vulnerabilities and poor awareness of safety, security and resilience has been identified. Key actors that should increase their attention are vendors, regulators, insurance companies and the research community. There is a need to improve private-public partnership and to improve the learning loops between computer emergency teams, security information providers (SIP), regulators and vendors. There is a need to focus more on safety, security and resilience and to establish regulations of responsibilities on the vendors for liabilities

Disruptive Innovations and Disruptive Assurance: Assuring Machine Learning and Autonomy

Autonomous and machine learning-based systems are disruptive innovations and thus require a corresponding disruptive assurance strategy. We offer an overview of a framework based on claims, arguments, and evidence aimed at addressing these systems and use it to identify specific gaps, challenges, and potential solutions

From Finnish AEC knowledge ecosystem to business ecosystem: lessons learned from the national deployment of BIM

Government actors, public agencies, industry and academics have struggled to change the rules of the existing business ecosystem to support the networked practices that were envisioned back in the 1980s with the introduction of building information modelling (BIM). Despite the industry’s far-reaching technological capabilities, BIM has primarily assumed productivity improvement by individual firms, which has not lead to a systemic change in the Finnish architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) business ecosystem. A field study of the Finnish AEC industry has resulted in a critical understanding of why successful and intensive R&D at a national level and wide adoption of BIM technology in Finland has not led to the expected systemic evolution of its AEC business ecosystem. Additionally, a methodology based on inductive grounded theory and historical analysis has been used to capture and identify the evolving and dynamic relationships between various events and actors between 1965 and 2015, which, in turn, has aided in the identification and characterisation of the knowledge and innovation ecosystems. The research findings provide insights for BIM researchers and governments in terms of establishing new policies that will better align BIM adoption with the systemic evolution of business practices in the AEC business ecosystem

A contextual account of digital servitization through autonomous solutions : Aligning a digital servitization process and a maritime service ecosystem transformation to autonomous shipping

This study focuses on digital servitization (DS) through autonomous solutions by building on a service ecosystems perspective. The rise of autonomous solutions exemplifies the ongoing digitalization and societal transformation and therefore integrative theoretical perspectives are needed to complement the dominant focal actor perspective in extant DS research. The study presents a longitudinal case of a solution provider's DS process to demonstrate how transformation towards autonomous shipping was driven in the maritime sector. An empirically enriched framework communicates DS process as aligned changes in value propositions, resource configurations and institutional arrangements within the service ecosystem. The study offers academic contributions and practical implications on managing DS through autonomous solutions as a strategic reorientation of a firm in the multi-level context of service ecosystem transformation.© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

A digital business ecosystem maturity model for personal service firms

Personal services can be found in sectors such as education, retail, hospitality, and craftsmanship. As of today, personal service firms lack the know-how and experience on how to implement processes and practices to effectively build digital business ecosystems. This becomes an obstacle for these kinds of firms to overcome the challenges of todays digital age. Based on the guidelines of Design Science Research (DSR), we address this gap by proposing a maturity model, which offers specific guidance for this sector to be able to achieve the transition from analog to digital. The design of the model is grounded in a systematic literature review, semi-structured interviews, and a validation test involving company representatives from the field of personal services, business ecosystems, and digitalization. Results revealed a series of dimensions, capabilities, and maturity stages indicating an evolutionary path towards digital maturity for personal service firms. Thus, leading them to achieve a digital business ecosystem.Comment: This is a draft chapter. The final version is available in Handbook on Digital Business Ecosystems edited by Sabine Baumann, published in 2022, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839107191.0002

Firm Strategies in Open Internet of Things Business Ecosystems: Framework and Case Study

We present a typology of strategies employed by firms using the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is a distributed network of connected physical objects. As these devices exchange data with each other instead of through an intermediary, the IoT increases complexity of business ecosystems, and opens up new business opportunities. When the platform owner does not own the data and technology is mostly open source, other actors can use and build on them. In addition to platform owner’s strategy, we propose a framework with three additional strategies, based on whether the firms’ offering integrates into the specific industrial value chain or contributes to the IoT ecosystem, and whether the firm offering is by nature stand-alone or systemic. With a multiple case study design, we explore this framework in the setting of 23 firms in a large research project context. The descriptions of the identified IoT strategies support our framework