Fiatalok klasszikus és modern tudománykommunikációval kapcsolatos ismeretei és attitűdjei

In order to be well informed in all areas of life, science communication plays an essential role, which is a multi-functional communication process. Among other things, its task is to build trust in ordinary people towards the scientific community. The dialogue does not only take place between scientists, but also between scientists, laymen and journalists. This transfer of information and trust-building takes place in several arenas and globally. In my research, I explain how the above processes can be interpreted between various representatives of science, and I try to characterize the various processes of scientific knowledge transfer. In addition, I analyze the science communication platforms used by young people, taking into account the modern and classic arenas of science communication, and I examine the attitude of an age group towards various scientific contents

Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy Through a Trust in Science Training Intervention

Vaccine hesitancy is an ongoing public health issue that has been underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic and has implications for future pandemics and other vaccines. This research aimed to understand and address the factors associated with hesitancy. Study 1 was a correlational study that measured several factors that could predict vaccine hesitancy among Black and White participants recruited online (n = 364). Findings suggest that trust in science was the strongest predictor of attitudes towards the vaccine’s safety and effectiveness, which in turn strongly predicted vaccine hesitancy. Study 1 established the direct and indirect relationships between several predictors of vaccine hesitancy and highlighted racial differences in the model. In a follow-up project, I co-developed and delivered an educational intervention designed to improve trust in science as part of an applied project funded by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. Study 2 tested the effectiveness of a trust in science training intervention in a randomized controlled experiment. 159 Black participants recruited online were assigned to a trust-in-science training, a COVID-19 vaccine education training, or an empty control group. Posttest measures assessed trust in science, misinformation recognition, and vaccination intention. The trust training successfully improved trust in science and misinformation recognition when compared to the empty group but did not significantly improve these measures compared to the COVID-training group. None of the training conditions significantly affected vaccination intention. Study 2 provides evidence for a successful trust-in-science training intervention that has applications for future use as an educational tool

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing: excess confidence explains negative attitudes towards science

Scientific knowledge has been accepted as the main driver of development, allowing for longer, healthier, and more comfortable lives. Still, public support to scientific research is wavering, with large numbers of people being uninterested or even hostile towards science. This is having serious social consequences, from the anti-vaccination community to the recent "post-truth" movement. Such lack of trust and appreciation for science was first justified as lack of knowledge, leading to the "Deficit Model" \cite{Durant:1989, Bauer:2007}. As an increase in scientific information did not necessarily lead to a greater appreciation, this model was largely rejected, giving rise to "Public Engagement Models" \cite{Miller:2001}. These try to offer more nuanced, two-way, communication pipelines between experts and the general public, strongly respecting non-expert knowledge, possibly even leading to an undervaluing of science. Therefore, we still lack an encompassing theory that can explain public understanding of science, allowing for more targeted and informed approaches. Here, we use a large dataset from the Science and Technology Eurobarometer surveys, over 25 years in 34 countries \cite{Bauer:2012}, and find evidence that a combination of confidence and knowledge is a good predictor of attitudes towards science. This is contrary to current views, that place knowledge as secondary, and in line with findings in behavioral psychology, particularly the Dunning-Kruger effect, as negative attitudes peak at intermediate levels of knowledge, where confidence is largest. We propose a new model, based on the superposition of the Deficit and Dunning-Kruger models and discuss how this can inform science communication.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, 1 table; Appendix with 12 pages, 9 figures, 8 table

Does providing scientific information affect climate change and GMO policy preferences of the mass public? Insights from survey experiments in Germany and the United States

The use of information provision has been criticized as an ineffective way to increase support for evidence-based environmental policies, but it remains a dominant strategy among policy communicators. Using a survey experiment on climate change and genetically modified food (GMO) policy preferences in Germany and the United States (N = 3,000 total), we investigate how information provision shapes environmental policy attitudes and whether this effect is moderated by trust in science and trust in the source of messages. Findings show that information provision significantly shifted policy preferences towards the prevailing scientific opinion, but primarily among individuals whose prior attitudes conflicted with the scientific message. While trust in GMO science moderated message effectiveness in the U.S., generally the effects did not depend on levels of trust in science or trust in the message source. Results are similar for both countries, suggesting that the findings could be relevant to different political contexts

Attitudes towards returning wolves (Canis lupus) in Germany: Exposure, information sources and trust matter

Understanding how exposure and information affect public attitudes towards returning large carnivores in Europe is critical for human-carnivore coexistence, especially for developing efficient and de-escalating communication strategies. The ongoing recolonization of wolves (Canis lupus) in Germany provides a unique opportunity to test the role of different information sources and trust on people's attitudes towards wolves. We conducted a phone survey (n = 1250) and compared country-wide attitudes towards wolves with attitudes in a specific region where wolves initially recolonized and have been present since 2000. In particular, we investigate the relationship between information sources, trust and people's attitudes while accounting for factors like knowledge, exposure and socio-cultural determinants of respondents. We found significant differences in attitudes and knowledge about wolves as well as in the use and frequency of information sources between the two population samples. Higher knowledge, information from books and films, science-based information, and higher trust in information sources related positively with positive attitudes towards wolves. Comparatively, information from press or TV news was associated with more negative attitudes. Providing science-based information to the public and building trust in information is likely to be one measure, among others, to dampen extreme attitudes and improve people's appreciation of costs and benefits of human-carnivore coexistence. Management of conflictual situations emerging from large carnivore recolonization in Europe and beyond should consider incorporating assessments of people's use of and trust in information in addition to existing tools to pave new ways for constructive human-carnivore coexistence

Trust towards managers, perceived managerial responsibility and individual effectiveness : exploring organizational outcomes of trust beliefs

Zaufanie to jedno z najbardziej użytecznych pojęć eksplanacyjnych w naukach o organizacji. Artykuł prezentuje i wyjaśnia stan współczesnej debaty psychologicznej na temat zaufania, poddaje weryfikacji Integracyjny Model Zaufania Organizacyjnego w naturalnym kontekście organizacyjnym, sugeruje postrzeganą odpowiedzialność jako dodatkowy warunek zaufania oraz analizuje możliwy wpływ, jaki zaufanie do menedżerów ma na zaangażowanie i poziom wykonania pracowników. Wyniki przedstawione w artykule sugerują, że pośród wszystkich antecedensów zaufania, postrzegana życzliwość i integralność moralna menedżerów wpływa najmocniej na zaufanie do nich, podczas gdy ich postrzegany poziom umiejętności wpływa najbardziej na zaangażowanie pracowników. W artykule zaproponowane zostaje wprowadzenie rozróżnienia między dwoma aspektami zaufania do menedżerów: ogólnodomenowym oraz domenospecyficznym.Trust has become a very useful explanatory device in organizational science. This paper presents and clarifies the current psychological debate on trust, verifies the Integrative Model of Organizational Trust in the natural organizational setting, suggests perceived responsibility as additional trust antecedent and analyzes the possible influence that trust towards managers has on employee engagement and performance. The results imply that among trust antecedents, perceived managerial benevolence and integrity influence trust towards managers heavily, while perceived ability of managers has substantial impact on employee work engagement. The possibility of distinguishing domain-general trust and domain-specific confidence as separate aspects of trust is discussed

Mediation Analysis of Conspiratorial Thinking and Anti-Expert Sentiments on Vaccine Willingness

Objective: Vaccines are an effective means to reduce the spread of diseases, but they are sometimes met with hesitancy that needs to be understood.Methods: In this study, we analysed data from a large, cross-country survey conducted between June and August 2021 in 43 countries (N = 15,740) to investigate the roles of trust in government and science in shaping vaccine attitudes and willingness to be vaccinated. Results: We found that, despite significant variability between countries, both forms of institutional trust were associated with a higher willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Further, we found that conspiratorial thinking and anti-expert sentiments predicted reduced trust in government and science, respectively, and that trust mediated the relationship between these beliefs and ultimate vaccine attitudes. Although most countries displayed similar relationships between conspiratorial thinking and anti-expert sentiments, trust, and vaccine attitudes, we identified three countries (Brazil, Honduras, and Russia) with significantly differing effects of these variables. Conclusions: We discuss and propose various additional local factors that future research should consider to understand how trust and attitudes towards governmental and scientific institutions may shape individuals’ ultimate vaccine attitudes and decisions

On Understanding the Human Nature of Good and Bad Behavior in Business: A Behavioral Ethics Approach

The numerous scandals in business, such as those at AIG, Tyco, WorldCom, Enron and Ahold, have made all of us concerned about the emergence of unethical and irresponsible behavior in organizations. Such widespread corruption in business and politics has, as result, prompted a growth of interest in the field of business ethics. At the same time, however, within the academic world it is also recognized that to tackle those unethical actions in an efficient way, the field of business ethics needs to integrate insights from behavioral science. In this inaugural address I focus more closely on the benefits that a behavioral approach can bring to the field of business ethics. In presenting these benefits, I draw a distinction between prescriptive and descriptive approaches and outline how the field of psychology can help in integrating these two perspectives so that we can move towards a more comprehensive understanding of behavioral business ethics. This integration is illustrated by my own research addressing how sanctioning and regulation systems affect behavior, the benefits of procedural fairness and the workings of trust repair strategies. Finally, I formulate some implications for academia, the government and economics.business ethics;behavioral ethics;descriptive;trust repair;sanctions;procedural fairness

The influence of awareness, trust, and personality on knowledge sharing quality: A study at Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business of Universiti Utara Malaysia

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of awareness, trust, and personality on knowledge sharing quality among Master of Science (MSc.) Management students with active status in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). The main aim of this study was to identify the relationship of awareness, trust, and personality with knowledge sharing quality. The dependent variable used in this study was knowledge sharing quality, whereas the independent variables comprised of awareness, trust, and personality. This study was done through census approach in which questionnaires were used as a medium to collect data. A total of 235 questionnaires were distributed. The results of the study showed positive significant relationships between awareness, trust, and personality and knowledge sharing quality. The results from multiple regression analysis implied that awareness is the strongest predictor of quality of knowledge sharing, followed by trust and personality. The significance of this study has been discussed in which the university, students, researchers and contribution towards body of knowledge are benefited. The study will become a guide for university and students to identify vital factors and personal skills to reinforce knowledge sharing. Whereas, this study can be used as a guide for future study by other researchers. The findings of this study also help to strengthen previous findings in the field of knowledge sharing. Overall, the study concluded the influence of awareness, trust, and personality towards knowledge sharing quality

Imagination and Purgation the Ascent of Science towards Truth

Science is a religious enterprise. By that I mean just the opposite of what science was once accused of. There was a time when science was perverted into a scientism. This was a highly dogmatic belief that science could eventually subdue mystery, answer even the ultimate questions of life, and somehow provide final salvation. The human project we call science is just the opposite of such dogmatism, however. It is nonetheless, even more clearly now, a project that is actually religious. Science is rooted in a fundamental faith in ultimate truth and value. By various steps it moves towards the ultimate. It observes reality, then by a leap of the imagination it creates new symbols of reality. This is followed by the act of purgation, the ascetical movement of self-denial wherein the mind acknowledges that the fullness of all truth is infinite Mystery, which forever exceeds the limits of every symbol of image. This awareness of the inadequacy of all images does not produce despair or frustration. This is because the underlying faith, the fundamental trust and commitment remains firm. With this faith as motivation the mind continues, creating images but also acknowledging the limitations of every image. And so science ascends towards truth. In doing this, science is but one form of the overall human ascent of the soul towards God