32,542 research outputs found
When holography meets coherent diffraction imaging
Modern imaging techniques at the molecular scale rely on utilizing novel
coherent light sources like X-ray free electron lasers for the ultimate goal of
visualizing such objects as individual biomolecules rather than crystals. Here,
unlike in the case of crystals where structures can be solved by model building
and phase refinement, the phase distribution of the wave scattered by an
individual molecule must directly be recovered. There are two well-known
solutions to the phase problem: holography and coherent diffraction imaging
(CDI). Both techniques have their pros and cons. In holography, the
reconstruction of the scattered complex-valued object wave is directly provided
by a well-defined reference wave that must cover the entire detector area which
often is an experimental challenge. CDI provides the highest possible, only
wavelength limited, resolution, but the phase recovery is an iterative process
which requires some pre-defined information about the object and whose outcome
is not always uniquely-defined. Moreover, the diffraction patterns must be
recorded under oversampling conditions, a pre-requisite to be able to solve the
phase problem. Here, we report how holography and CDI can be merged into one
superior technique: holographic coherent diffraction imaging (HCDI). An inline
hologram can be recorded by employing a modified CDI experimental scheme. We
demonstrate that the amplitude of the Fourier transform of an inline hologram
is related to the complex-valued visibility, thus providing information on
both, the amplitude and the phase of the scattered wave in the plane of the
diffraction pattern. With the phase information available, the condition of
oversampling the diffraction patterns can be relaxed, and the phase problem can
be solved in a fast and unambiguous manner.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figure
Ontology: A Linked Data Hub for Mathematics
In this paper, we present an ontology of mathematical knowledge concepts that
covers a wide range of the fields of mathematics and introduces a balanced
representation between comprehensive and sensible models. We demonstrate the
applications of this representation in information extraction, semantic search,
and education. We argue that the ontology can be a core of future integration
of math-aware data sets in the Web of Data and, therefore, provide mappings
onto relevant datasets, such as DBpedia and ScienceWISE.Comment: 15 pages, 6 images, 1 table, Knowledge Engineering and the Semantic
Web - 5th International Conferenc
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Learning and memory in machines and animals : an AI model that accounts for some neurobiological data
The CEL model of learning and memory (Components of Episodic Learning) [Granger 1982, 1983a, 1983b] provides a process model of certain aspects of learning and memory in animals and humans. The model consists of a set of asynchronous and semi-independent functional operators that collectively create and modify memory traces as a result of experience. The model conforms to relevant results in the learning literature of psychology and neurobiology. There are two goals to this work: one is to create a set of working learning systems that will improve their performance on the basis of experience, and the other is to compare these systems' performance with that of living systems, as a step towards the eventual comparative characterizations of different learning systems.Parts of the model have been implemented in the CEL-0 program, which operates in a 'Maze-World' simulated maze environment. The program exhibits simple exploratory behavior that leads to the acquisition of predictive and discriminatory schemata. A number of interesting theoretical predictions have arisen in part from observation of the operation of the program, some of which are currently being tested in neurobiological experiments. In particular, some neurobiological evidence for the existence of multiple, seperable memory systems in humans and animals is interpreted in terms of the model, and some new experiments are suggested arising from the model's predictions
Structure and stimulus familiarity: A study of memory in chess-players with functional magnetic resonance imaging.
A grandmaster and an international chess master were compared with a group of novices
in a memory task with chess and non-chess stimuli, varying the structure and familiarity
of the stimuli, while functional magnetic resonance images were acquired. The pattern
of brain activity in the masters was different from that of the novices. Masters showed
no differences in brain activity when different degrees of structure and familiarity where
compared; however, novices did show differences in brain activity in such contrasts. The
most important differences were found in the contrast of stimulus familiarity with chess
positions. In this contrast, there was an extended brain activity in bilateral frontal areas
such as the anterior cingulate and the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri; furthermore,
posterior areas, such as posterior cingulate and cerebellum, showed great bilateral activation.
These results strengthen the hypothesis that when performing a domain-specific task,
experts activate different brain systems from that of novices. The use of the expertsversus-
novices paradigm in brain imaging contributes towards the search for brain systems
involved in cognitive processes
Is Semantics Really Psychologically Real?
The starting point for this paper is a critical discussion of claims of psychological reality articulated within Borg’s (forth.) minimal semantics and Carpintero’s (2007) character*-semantics. It has been proposed, for independent reasons, that their respective accounts can accommodate, or at least avoid the challenge from psychological evidence. I outline their respective motivations, suggesting various shortcomings in their efforts of preserving the virtues of an uncontaminated semantics in the face of psychological objection (I-II), and try to make the case that, at least for a theory of utterance comprehension, a truth-conditional pragmatic stance is far preferable. An alternative from a relevance-theoretic perspective is offered in terms of mutual adjustment between truth-conditional content and implicature(s), arguing that many “free” pragmatic processes are needed to uncover the truth-conditional content, which can then warrant the expected implicature(s) (III). I finally illustrate the difficulties their accounts have in predicting the correct order of interpretation in cases of ironic metaphor, i.e. metaphor is computed first, as part of truth-conditional content, while irony is inferentially grounded in metaphorical content (IV)
Infectious Disease Ontology
Technological developments have resulted in tremendous increases in the volume and diversity of the data and information that must be processed in the course of biomedical and clinical research and practice. Researchers are at the same time under ever greater pressure to share data and to take steps to ensure that data resources are interoperable. The use of ontologies to annotate data has proven successful in supporting these goals and in providing new possibilities for the automated processing of data and information. In this chapter, we describe different types of vocabulary resources and emphasize those features of formal ontologies that make them most useful for computational applications. We describe current uses of ontologies and discuss future goals for ontology-based computing, focusing on its use in the field of infectious diseases. We review the largest and most widely used vocabulary resources relevant to the study of infectious diseases and conclude with a description of the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO) suite of interoperable ontology modules that together cover the entire infectious disease domain
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