70 research outputs found
Essays on digitalization among small and medium-sized firms : Complementary and contingent approaches
This dissertation explains how and under what circumstances the operational performance of small and medium-sized (SME) firms is most likely to benefit from digitalization. This topic will be examined by combining the resource-based view (RBV) and contingency theory, that is, using the contingency RBV, which remains relatively rarely used in current research. The perspective permits an examination of the impact of various resources and capabilities in the presence of situational factors.
The dissertation consists of five papers dealing with digitalization in SMEs operating in various areas. The research relies on two surveys involving Finnish SMEs from manufacturing industries, the first of which provides cross-sectional data. Together the two datasets provide the longitudinal data informing the dissertation.
The research shows that the contingency RBV provides a comprehensive framework that can assist in examining how and in what circumstances SMEs can benefit from digitalization, that benefit being measured from an operational improvement perspective. Previous research on SMEs is limited, so the first result of this thesis involves testing a theoretical framework for SMEs in the context of their digitalization. The research results show that the benefits of digitalization for operational performance arise through two different mechanisms, and digitalization alone does not affect the firm's success. The effect of digitalization on SMEs’ operational performance emerges from the complementarity between digitalization and firms’ organizational attributes, factors, or resources that enhance performance. The second mechanism relates to environmental and situational factors and shows that both the firm's internal and external environment determine the level of the impact of digitalization. Among Finnish SMEs, digitalization produces value in the form of improved operational performance when digitalization, resources, and capabilities bolster each other in internal and external environments conducive to digitalization.Tässä väitöskirjassa selvitetään miten ja missä tilanteessa pienet ja keskisuuret (pk) yritykset pystyvät todennäköisemmin hyötymään digitalisoitumisestaan operatiivisen suorituskyvyn näkökulmasta. Aihetta tarkastellaan yhdistämällä resurssi- ja tilannetekijäteoria eli tässä työssä hyödynnetään tilanteista resurssiteoriaa, joka on nykyisessä tutkimuskentässä vielä varsin rajallisesti käytetty. Näkökulman mukaan erilaisten resurssien ja kyvykkyyksien vaikutusta voidaan tarkastella tilannetekijöiden ollessa läsnä. Väitöskirja muodostuu viidestä artikkelista, joissa käsitellään yritysten digitalisoitumista. Väitöskirjassa käyte¬tään kahta eri kyselytutkimusta, joihin suomalaiset valmistavan teollisuuden pk-yritykset ovat osallistuneet. Ensimmäinen aineisto on poikkileikkausaineisto ja aineistot yhdessä muodostavat toisen, pitkittäisen, aineiston.
Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että tilanteinen resurssiteoria muodostaa kattavan viitekehyksen, jonka perusteella voidaan lähestyä sitä, miten ja missä tilanteissa pk-yritykset pystyvät hyötymään digitalisoitumisesta parantuneen operatiivisen suorituskyvyn näkökulmasta. Aikaisempi pk-yrityksiin keskittynyt tutkimus on ollut vähäistä, joten tämän väitöskirjan ensimmäisenä tuloksena voidaan pitää teoreettisen viitekehyksen testaamista nimenomaan pienillä ja keskisuurilla yrityksillä niiden digitalisoitumisen kontekstissa. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että digitalisoitumisen hyöty operationaaliseen suoriutumiseen syntyy kahden erilaisen mekanismin kautta eli digitalisoituminen ei yksin vaikuta yrityksen menestymiseen. Ensimmäinen mekanismi muodostuu niin kutsutusta täydentävästä suhteesta, joka tarkoittaa sitä, että yrityksen digitalisoituminen vaikuttaa yrityksen muihin resursseihin ja kyvykkyyksiin vahvistavasti, ja yhdessä digitaaliset tekijät yrityksen resurssien ja kyvykkyyksien kanssa parantavat yrityksen suoriutumista. Toinen mekanismi liittyy kontingenssivaikutukseen, jossa tilannetekijät vaikuttavat yritysten digitalisoitumisesta syntyvään hyötyyn. Tulokset osoittavat, että mikäli yrityksen sisäinen ympäristö on suotuisa yrityksen digitalisoitumiseen, sillä on positiivisia vaikutuksia digitalisoitumisesta saatavaan hyötyyn. Tulosten mukaan myös ulkoinen ympäristö vaikuttaa yrityksen digitalisoitumisesta saatavaan hyötyyn. Suomalaisten pk-yritysten digitalisoituminen tuottaa yrityksille arvoa parantuneena operatiivisena suorituskykynä silloin, kun yritysten digitalisoituminen ja resurssit sekä kyvykkyydet vahvistavat toisiaan digitalisoitumiselle suotuisassa sisäisessä ja ulkoisessa ympäristössä.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed
Optimizing Product-Market Fit: A Digital Marketing Approach for Performance Measurement
In today's digital economy, digital marketing has grown in scope and now acts as a liaison
connecting digital interactions and key start-up activities. The low investment and dynamic
elements of digital marketing favor the start-up environment and enable a flexible match between
digital interactions and start-up growth. However, start-ups are usually unfamiliar with all the
possibilities digital marketing offers and connect its influence solely with marketing and sales.
Digital marketing, powered by data analytics, can support start-ups in different key activities
such as testing and experimentation, customer education, and others. This thesis first explores
how digital marketing impacts start-up development within a set of growth drivers supporting
different key activities and associated areas. Through a systematic literature review, the Macro-
dynamic Framework was developed to identify and connect fifteen growth drivers and digital
marketing impact for achieving start-up growth in four different areas.
Secondly, as Product-Market fit is identified as one of the key drivers of start-up growth, this
research focused on investigating how can product-market fit be influenced through digital
marketing. One of the major challenges start-ups have in this perspective is measuring digital
marketing performance and interpreting the collected data. As Product-Market fit and
performance measurement both largely rely on the provided digital marketing analytics and
received feedback, the DM_Optima framework is developed to connect the touchpoints of both
areas. Through multiple case study research with nine start-ups, the thesis demonstrates this
Framework application. The DM_Optima Framework is developed with a Balanced Scorecard
and enables start-ups to test their ability to optimize product-market fit through digital marketing
and performance measurement. The results of DM_Optima help start-up founders and managers
to achieve or maintain their product-market fit and establish efficient practices of digital
marketing performance measurement from an internal organizational perspective.Na economia digital de hoje, o marketing digital cresceu no seu âmbito e actua agora como um
elo de ligação entre as interacções digitais e as principais actividades de arranque. O baixo
investimento e os elementos dinâmicos do marketing digital favorecem o ambiente de arranque
e permitem uma combinação flexível entre as interacções digitais e o crescimento de arranque.
Contudo, as start-ups não estão normalmente familiarizadas com todas as possibilidades que o
marketing digital oferece e ligam a sua influência apenas ao marketing e às vendas. O marketing
digital, impulsionado pela análise de dados, pode apoiar start-ups em diferentes actividades
chave como testes e experimentação, educação de clientes, e outras. Esta tese explora primeiro
como o marketing digital tem impacto no desenvolvimento inicial dentro de um conjunto de
factores de crescimento que apoiam diferentes actividades e áreas associadas. Através de uma
revisão sistemática da literatura, a Estrutura Macrodinâmica foi desenvolvida para identificar e
ligar quinze motores de crescimento e marketing digital para alcançar o crescimento inicial em
quatro áreas diferentes.
Em segundo lugar, uma vez que o ajuste Produto-Mercado é identificado como um dos principais
motores do crescimento inicial, esta investigação centrou-se na investigação de como pode o
ajuste produto-mercado ser influenciado através do marketing digital. Um dos maiores desafios
que as novas empresas têm nesta perspectiva é medir o desempenho do marketing digital e
interpretar os dados recolhidos. Uma vez que a adequação e a medição do desempenho do
produto ao mercado dependem largamente da análise de marketing digital fornecida e do
feedback recebido, a estrutura DM_Optima é desenvolvida para ligar os pontos de contacto de
ambas as áreas. Através de múltiplos estudos de caso com nove start-ups, a tese demonstra esta
aplicação da estrutura. A estrutura DM_Optima é desenvolvida com um Balanced Scorecard e
permite às start-ups testar a sua capacidade de optimizar a adequação do produto ao mercado
através do marketing digital e da medição do desempenho. Os resultados da DM_Optima ajudam
os fundadores e gestores em fase de arranque a alcançar ou manter a sua adequação ao mercado de produtos e a estabelecer práticas eficientes de medição do desempenho do marketing digital
de uma perspectiva organizacional interna
Sustainable Value Co-Creation in Welfare Service Ecosystems : Transforming temporary collaboration projects into permanent resource integration
The aim of this paper is to discuss the unexploited forces of user-orientation and shared responsibility to promote sustainable value co-creation during service innovation projects in welfare service ecosystems. The framework is based on the theoretical field of public service logic (PSL) and our thesis is that service innovation seriously requires a user-oriented approach, and that such an approach enables resource integration based on the service-user’s needs and lifeworld. In our findings, we identify prerequisites and opportunities of collaborative service innovation projects in order to transform these projects into sustainable resource integration once they have ended
Bridging the Gap at Ecosystem Level : Enhancing Business Model Innovation in Internet of Things-Enabled Platform Ecosystems
Digitaalinen murros haastaa yrityksiä ja yhteisöjä tarjoamaan innovatiivisia palveluita asiakkailleen ja lisäämään omaa kannattavuuttaan uusia liiketoimintamalleja luomalla. Esineiden internet (IoT) on tunnistettu potentiaaliseksi uudenlaisen arvon mahdollistajaksi. Odotetuista hyödyistä huolimatta onnistuneesti toteutettuja IoT:llä varustettuja alustaekosysteemejä on toistaiseksi vähän. IoT-tutkimus on pääosin keskittynyt teknologisten edistysaskeleiden ottamiseen, kun taas liiketoimintamallien innovaatioiden merkitys on suurelta osin sivuutettu. On kuitenkin muistettava, että teknologian onnistunut käyttöönotto on suurelta osin kiinni hyvin määritellystä liiketoimintamallista ja sen arvolupauksen onnistuneisuudesta
Sosiaalisen vaihdannan teoria (SET) on olennainen IoT:llä varustettujen alustaekosysteemien kontekstissa. Sen mukaan toimijoiden tulee kokea arvon vaihtaminen oikeudenmukaiseksi eli kokea saamansa arvo riittäväksi tekemiinsä panostuksiin nähden. Tätä teoreettista viitekehystä hyödynnettiin tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettäessä, miten digitaalisen murroksen aikoina liiketoimintamallien innovointia (BMI) voitaisiin parantaa IoT:llä varustetuissa alustaekosysteemeissä. Siten toimijoiden pysyvyyttä voitaisiin parantaa ja verkostojen ulkoisvaikutuksia lisätä.
Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset lisäävät teoreettista ymmärrystä arvon vaihtamisesta IoT:tä hyödyntävien alustaekosysteemien kontekstissa. Tutkimuksessa tunnistettiin sosiaalisen arvon dimensiolle kaksi erilaista tulkintaa. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan myös todeta, etteivät teoriat – saati käytännön tekijät – huomioi ehdollista arvoa alustakontekstissa.
Tutkimus tunnisti monitieteellisesti IoT:n ja alustaekosysteemien liiketoimintamalli-innovaatioiden luomiseen tarvittavat osat. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa luotiin uusi malli BMI:lle, joka yhdistää kaksi uutta työkalua eli ekosysteemin arvotaseen ja alustakanvaasin. Käyttämällä mallia iteratiivisesti strategisena työkaluna luodaan arvokasta näkemystä ekosysteemin toimijoille, minkä avulla he voivat luoda yhdessä yhteisen arvolupauksen ja mahdollistaa positiiviset verkostovaikutukset.
Lisäksi tämä tutkimus edistää tutkimusmenetelmiä esittämällä uuden tavan tarkentaa konseptien ominaisuuksia kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla. Parannettu menetelmä on yhdistelmä lumipallomenetelmää, Porter sanarunkohaku-algoritmia ja temaattista analyysiä. Näitä hyödyntämällä voidaan luoda kattava ja strukturoitu synteesi oleellisesta kirjallisuudesta ja edistää monivivahteisempaa ja syvempää ymmärrystä tutkimusaiheesta. Menetelmää voidaan hyödyntää myös muilla tutkimusalueilla täsmällisten kirjallisuuskatsausten tekemiseen.
Tämä tutkimus avaa väylän arvolupausten arvioinnin tutkimiseen IoT:llä varustetuissa alustaekosysteemeissä. Lisää tutkimusta kuitenkin tarvitaan ennen kuin liiketoimintamahdollisuudet realisoituvat odotetusti. Ehdotettua mallia tulee tutkia vielä useammilla ja pidempikestoisilla tapaustutkimuksilla. Lisäksi monialainen tutkimus voisi tunnistaa yhtäläisyyksiä ja eroavaisuuksia IoT:llä varustettujen alustaekosysteemien haasteissa ja mahdollisuuksissa. Lisäksi tulisi tutkia, miten uudet ja tulevat teknologiat vaikuttavat arvolupauksen muodostamiseen ja arvon tuottamiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen tuloksissa korostetaan ekosysteemissä toimimisen vaatimaa kulttuurimuutosta. Perinteisesti yritykset ovat keskittyneet oman voittonsa maksimoimiseen, mutta ekosysteemeissä tulisi keskittyä koko ekosysteemin kokonaisarvon maksimoimiseen. Tämän kulttuurimuutoksen tarvetta ja sitä, miten muutos voitaisiin saada aikaan, tulisi tutkia lisää.
Yhteenvetona voidaankin todeta, että tämä tutkimus edistää niin liiketoimintamallien innovoinnin teoriaa kuin käytäntöjäkin IoT:llä varustetuissa alustaekosysteemeissä. Se tarjoaa BMI-mallin, joka rakentuu ekosysteemin arvotaseen ympärille. Se mahdollistaa ketterän mallin, jolla IoT:llä varustetun alustaekosysteemin toimijat voivat iteratiivisesti luoda ja kehittää arvolupaustaan. Tämä tutkimus myös kirkastaa käsittelemiään konsepteja ja tarjoaa tuoreen lähestymistavan kirjallisuuskatsauksen tekemiseen. Tämä tutkimus voi auttaa yrityksiä ja yhteisöjä ymmärtämään liiketoimintamallien innovoinnin merkityksen ja näin johtaa ne luomaan kestävämpiä ja kannattavampia ekosysteemejä.Digital transformation is challenging businesses and societies to offer innovative services to customers and to increase profitability through the development of new business models. The Internet of Things (IoT) has been identified as a potent enabler for novel services and businesses. However, despite the potential benefits, successful implementation of IoT-enabled platform ecosystems remains scarce. Research on IoT has mainly focused on technological advancements, while the importance of business model innovation has been largely overlooked. The research in the field of IoT has predominantly focused on technological advancements, disregarding the critical aspect of business model innovation. However, successful implementation of technology largely relies on a well-defined business model that delivers outstanding value propositions.
Social Exchange Theory (SET) is a theoretical framework that is pertinent in the context of IoT-enabled platform ecosystems. According to SET, actors in value exchange should find the distribution of value equitable vis-à-vis the effort invested in value creation. Therefore, in the present research, SET is adopted as a conceptual framework to explore how ecosystem-level business model innovation (BMI) in IoT-enabled platform ecosystems could be enhanced to increase actor retention, and to internalize network externalities to increase the positive network effects during times of digital transformation.
The contribution of this research extends beyond the theoretical development of value exchange in the context of IoT-enabled platform ecosystems. This research identifies two different views of social value and recognizes that in the ecosystem context, conditional value is often overlooked in theoretical discussion and neglected by practitioners.
This research also contributes to BMI theories in the IoT-enabled platform ecosystem context by identifying, in an interdisciplinary manner, the required building blocks, i.e., characteristics of a platform ecosystem BMI, and IoT. Further, a model for BMI is created, which combines two novel frameworks, namely, the Ecosystem Value Balance and the Platform Canvas. This provides ecosystem actors with valuable insights to co-create a joint value proposition and enable positive network effects by utilizing the model iteratively as a strategic tool.
In addition, this research advances research methodologies by presenting a novel approach to clarifying concepts through literature reviews. The method involves a combination of snowballing, Porter stemming, and thematic analysis, which enables a comprehensive and structured synthesis of relevant literature and promotes a more nuanced and deeper understanding of the research topic. This approach can be applied in other research fields, too, to achieve more rigorous and accurate literature reviews.
Although this research opens up avenues for researching value proposition evaluation in IoT-enabled ecosystems, more attention to the business opportunities that can be realized is necessary. The proposed model needs validation with more and longer-term cases, and a cross-industry study could explore potential similarities and differences in the challenges and opportunities of IoT platform ecosystems. Moreover, further research is required to validate the proposed model, explore potential similarities and differences in IoT platform ecosystems, and investigate the role of emerging technologies in shaping the value proposition and value creation processes. Further, the research emphasizes the need for cultural change in companies operating in ecosystems, as traditionally companies have focused on maximizing their profits instead of maximizing the overall value for the whole ecosystem.
In conclusion, this research contributes to the theory and practice of business model innovation in IoT-enabled platform ecosystems by offering a BMI model which relies on value balance in ecosystem contexts and proposes a model for IoT platform ecosystem actors to co-create joint value propositions. It also clarifies related concepts and offers a novel approach to literature reviews. This research can help businesses and societies to understand the importance of business model innovation and to create a more sustainable and profitable ecosystem
Digital aftercares: Digital retooling for agency, value, and co-vulnerability as artistic practice
This practice-based thesis develops digital retooling as an artistic methodology that ties together socially engaged practice, speculative design, and digital arts to create original artworks and projects that rescript how dominant digital media functions. Digital retooling is a propositional, practical, creative, and critical method that transforms existing technologies through artistic practice to break from hegemonic structures rooted in digital capitalism and data colonialism. Staying with embodiment and vulnerability, my research and practice centers architectures of agency, care, and community in overwhelmingly nonconsensual and traumatic digital systems.
As a practice-based methodology, digital retooling moves beyond image and interface to emphasise infrastructure, contextuality, and the processes by which media acquires meaning and form as it moves in the world. The artistic projects I develop in tandem with critical research innovate at the visual, infrastructural, and social layers to contest default modes and plug-and-play forms of exploitation that come loaded into dominant digital media systems. Through speculative hacking, backend redesign, and an expanded trauma-sensitive approach, my research develops digital retooling as an artistic methodology that integrates speculative, decolonial, and care-based approaches.
Drawing on post-colonial, decolonial, and critical race media studies, my art projects stress local contingencies against the grain of universalist computing and the alleged neutrality of digital systems. To understand digital media as a multi-layered affectual, psychological, social, and financial medium my research comingles situated self-awareness as a digital user with an analysis of the medium’s structural, economic, and
political layers. In this thesis, I refer to and make use of the multi-layer entanglements brought to bear by digital technologies as ‘nested intimacies’ and ‘strangely intimate digital assets’.
For this PhD, my practice incorporates diagrams, writing, talks, performance, and digital art and wearables. This thesis presents four art projects: ‘Bath Motes: Liquid architecture for Pain Relief’ which proposes a fantastical product for technologically mediated self-care; ‘Black Body Radiation: Rescripting Data Bodies’ a collaborative work that retools body sensor networks and blockchain architectures to consider value in performance artworks and in relation to colonial legacies and practice; ‘Virtual Keffiyeh’ which encompasses critical research, advocacy and a digital wearable to draw attention to Palestinian digital rights in metaverse and virtual spaces; and ‘Or:bital Bloom’—a start-up that recycles environmental performance data into digital artworks that express transitions to sustainability and net zero.
The research and artistic interventions I present in this thesis are concerned with lived experience, critical research, interfacial and infrastructural design in digital and hybrid worlds with the aim of creating new spaces for ‘digital aftercares’. ‘Digital aftercares’ suggest both speculative aftermaths beyond dominant and traumatic digital systems as well as the discovery of new modes of care in emergent mediascapes and infrastructures. This PhD serves as an example of and provocation to radically retool dominant digital media through artistic practice, recovering relationality, agency, and covulnerability through the digital arts
Artificial Intelligence Technology
This open access book aims to give our readers a basic outline of today’s research and technology developments on artificial intelligence (AI), help them to have a general understanding of this trend, and familiarize them with the current research hotspots, as well as part of the fundamental and common theories and methodologies that are widely accepted in AI research and application. This book is written in comprehensible and plain language, featuring clearly explained theories and concepts and extensive analysis and examples. Some of the traditional findings are skipped in narration on the premise of a relatively comprehensive introduction to the evolution of artificial intelligence technology. The book provides a detailed elaboration of the basic concepts of AI, machine learning, as well as other relevant topics, including deep learning, deep learning framework, Huawei MindSpore AI development framework, Huawei Atlas computing platform, Huawei AI open platform for smart terminals, and Huawei CLOUD Enterprise Intelligence application platform. As the world’s leading provider of ICT (information and communication technology) infrastructure and smart terminals, Huawei’s products range from digital data communication, cyber security, wireless technology, data storage, cloud computing, and smart computing to artificial intelligence
A framework for the adoption of digital terrestrial television - the case of Ethekwini municipality.
Doctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) brings many benefits to viewers compared to
regular analogue televisions. Although many countries around the world introduced
DTT with such benefits in mind, the rates of DTT adoption have been slow
compared to other developing nations, and consequently, many countries, including
South Africa, had to postpone the analogue switch-off date. Given the lagging
consumer adoption of DTT in Ethekwini Municipality, The purpose of this study is to
apply the UTAUT model in predicting the citizens’ intention to adopt DTT and to
determine the possible reasons for the slow adoption of DTT in Ethekwini
Municipality.
This study is exploratory and employs a mixed methods approach, combining a
quantitative approach using a survey questionnaire as a data collection tool, and a
qualitative research approach, using interviews to collect data from industry experts.
A total of 138 out of 267 respondents participated in the quantitative study, resulting
in a 52% response rate, while 10 industry experts were interviewed as part of the
qualitative study. The structural equation model (SEM) was employed to measure
and analyse the relationships of observed values and latent variables, resulting in a
new developed model.
The findings indicate that the effect of the moderator variables on the relationship
between the exogenous constructs and the dependent variable was found not to
have a significant impact. The exogenous constructs of the UTAUT model that were
investigated are Performance expectancy, The results from the quantitative study
showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the exogenous
construct constructs and the behavioural intention to adopt, meaning that the
citizens have intention to adopt DTT if it is made available. The qualitative results
showed that leadership instability, policy inconsistencies, political interference and
self-serving interest from some stakeholders were some of the factors behind the
slow adoption of DTT.No IsiZulu abstrac
Building the Future Internet through FIRE
The Internet as we know it today is the result of a continuous activity for improving network communications, end user services, computational processes and also information technology infrastructures. The Internet has become a critical infrastructure for the human-being by offering complex networking services and end-user applications that all together have transformed all aspects, mainly economical, of our lives. Recently, with the advent of new paradigms and the progress in wireless technology, sensor networks and information systems and also the inexorable shift towards everything connected paradigm, first as known as the Internet of Things and lately envisioning into the Internet of Everything, a data-driven society has been created. In a data-driven society, productivity, knowledge, and experience are dependent on increasingly open, dynamic, interdependent and complex Internet services. The challenge for the Internet of the Future design is to build robust enabling technologies, implement and deploy adaptive systems, to create business opportunities considering increasing uncertainties and emergent systemic behaviors where humans and machines seamlessly cooperate
Computing Competencies for Undergraduate Data Science Curricula: ACM Data Science Task Force
At the August 2017 ACM Education Council meeting, a task force was formed to explore a process to add to the broad, interdisciplinary conversation on data science, with an articulation of the role of computing discipline-specific contributions to this emerging field. Specifically, the task force would seek to define what the computing/computational contributions are to this new field, and provide guidance on computing-specific competencies in data science for departments offering such programs of study at the undergraduate level.
There are many stakeholders in the discussion of data science – these include colleges and universities that (hope to) offer data science programs, employers who hope to hire a workforce with knowledge and experience in data science, as well as individuals and professional societies representing the fields of computing, statistics, machine learning, computational biology, computational social sciences, digital humanities, and others. There is a shared desire to form a broad interdisciplinary definition of data science and to develop curriculum guidance for degree programs in data science.
This volume builds upon the important work of other groups who have published guidelines for data science education. There is a need to acknowledge the definition and description of the individual contributions to this interdisciplinary field. For instance, those interested in the business context for these concepts generally use the term “analytics”; in some cases, the abbreviation DSA appears, meaning Data Science and Analytics.
This volume is the third draft articulation of computing-focused competencies for data science. It recognizes the inherent interdisciplinarity of data science and situates computing-specific competencies within the broader interdisciplinary space
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