328 research outputs found
Recognizing sparse perfect elimination bipartite graphs
When applying Gaussian elimination to a sparse matrix, it is desirable to avoid turning zeros into non-zeros to preserve the sparsity. The class of perfect elimination bipartite graphs is closely related to square matrices that Gaussian elimination can be applied to without turning any zero into a non-zero. Existing literature on the recognition of this class and finding suitable pivots mainly focusses on time complexity. For matrices with m non-zero elements, the currently best known algorithm has a time complexity of . However, when viewed from a practical perspective, the space complexity also deserves attention: it may not be worthwhile to look for a suitable set of pivots for a sparse matrix if this requires space. We present two new algorithms for the recognition of sparse instances: one with a time complexity in space and one with a time complexity in space. Furthermore, if we allow only pivots on the diagonal, our second algorithm can easily be adapted to run in time
Semi-strict chordality of digraphs
Chordal graphs are important in algorithmic graph theory. Chordal digraphs
are a digraph analogue of chordal graphs and have been a subject of active
studies recently. In this paper we introduce the notion of semi-strict chordal
digraphs which form a class strictly between chordal digraphs and chordal
graphs. We characterize semi-strict chordal digraphs by forbidden subdigraphs
within the cases of locally semicomplete digraphs and weakly quasi-transitive
digraphs.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with
arXiv:2008.0356
Permanents, Pfaffian orientations, and even directed circuits
Given a 0-1 square matrix A, when can some of the 1's be changed to -1's in
such a way that the permanent of A equals the determinant of the modified
matrix? When does a real square matrix have the property that every real matrix
with the same sign pattern (that is, the corresponding entries either have the
same sign or are both zero) is nonsingular? When is a hypergraph with n
vertices and n hyperedges minimally nonbipartite? When does a bipartite graph
have a "Pfaffian orientation"? Given a digraph, does it have no directed
circuit of even length? Given a digraph, does it have a subdivision with no
even directed circuit?
It is known that all of the above problems are equivalent. We prove a
structural characterization of the feasible instances, which implies a
polynomial-time algorithm to solve all of the above problems. The structural
characterization says, roughly speaking, that a bipartite graph has a Pfaffian
orientation if and only if it can be obtained by piecing together (in a
specified way) planar bipartite graphs and one sporadic nonplanar bipartite
graph.Comment: 47 pages, published versio
An extensive English language bibliography on graph theory and its applications
Bibliography on graph theory and its application
์ํ๊ณ์์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ํ ์ํ๊ต์ก๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๊น์๋ น.In this thesis, we study m-step competition graphs, (1, 2)-step competition graphs, phylogeny graphs, and competition-common enemy graphs (CCE graphs), which are primary variants of competition graphs. Cohen [11] introduced the notion of competition graph while studying predator-prey concepts in ecological food webs.An ecosystem is a biological community of interacting species and their physical environment. For each species in an ecosystem, there can be m conditions of the good environment by regarding lower and upper bounds on numerous dimensions such as soil, climate, temperature, etc, which may be represented by an m-dimensional rectangle, so-called an ecological niche. An elemental ecological truth is that two species compete if and only if their ecological niches overlap. Biologists often describe competitive relations among species cohabiting in a community by a food web that is a digraph whose vertices are the species and an arc goes from a predator to a prey. In this context, Cohen [11] defined the competition graph of a digraph as follows. The competition graph C(D) of a digraph D is defined to be a simple graph whose vertex set is the same as V (D) and which has an edge joining two distinct vertices u and v if and only if there are arcs (u, w) and (v, w) for some vertex w in D. Since Cohen introduced this definition, its variants such as m-step competition graphs, (i, j)-step competition graphs, phylogeny graphs, CCE graphs, p-competition graphs, and niche graphs have been introduced and studied.
As part of these studies, we show that the connected triangle-free m-step competition graph on n vertices is a tree and completely characterize the digraphs of order n whose m-step competition graphs are star graphs for positive integers 2 โค m < n.
We completely identify (1,2)-step competition graphs C_{1,2}(D) of orientations D of a complete k-partite graph for some k โฅ 3 when each partite set of D forms a clique in C_{1,2}(D). In addition, we show that the diameter of each component of C_{1,2}(D) is at most three and provide a sharp upper bound on the domination number of C_{1,2}(D) and give a sufficient condition for C_{1,2}(D) being an interval graph.
On the other hand, we study on phylogeny graphs and CCE graphs of degreebounded acyclic digraphs. An acyclic digraph in which every vertex has indegree at most i and outdegree at most j is called an (i, j) digraph for some positive integers i and j. If each vertex of a (not necessarily acyclic) digraph D has indegree at most i and outdegree at most j, then D is called an hi, ji digraph. We give a sufficient condition on the size of hole of an underlying graph of an (i, 2) digraph D for the phylogeny graph of D being a chordal graph where D is an (i, 2) digraph. Moreover, we go further to completely characterize phylogeny graphs of (i, j) digraphs by listing the forbidden induced subgraphs.
We completely identify the graphs with the least components among the CCE graphs of (2, 2) digraphs containing at most one cycle and exactly two isolated vertices, and their digraphs. Finally, we gives a sufficient condition for CCE graphs
being interval graphs.์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ณ์ด๋ค ์ค m-step ๊ฒฝ์๊ทธ๋ํ, (1, 2)-step ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ทธ๋ํ, ๊ณํต ๊ทธ๋ํ, ๊ฒฝ์๊ณต์ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข
ํฉํ๋ค. Cohen [11]์ ๋จน์ด์ฌ์ฌ์์ ํฌ์์-ํผ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ทธ๋ํ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ณ ์ํ๋ค. ์ํ๊ณ๋ ์ํธ์์ฉํ๋ ์ข
๋ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ค. ์ํ๊ณ์ ๊ฐ ์ข
์ ๋ํด์, ํ ์, ๊ธฐํ, ์จ๋ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ฐจ์์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ ์๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ข์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ m๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ค๋ก ๋ํ๋ผ ์ ์๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ์ ์ง์(ecological niche)๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ํํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ ์ข
์ด ์ํ์ ์ง์๊ฐ ๊ฒน์น๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ํ๊ณ (compete), ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ ๋ ์ข
์ ์ํ์ ์ง์๊ฐ ๊ฒน์น๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํํ ์๋ฌผํ์๋ค์ ํ ์ฒด์ ์์ ์์ํ๋ ์ข
๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ์ข
์ ๊ผญ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก, ํฌ์์์์ ํผ์์์๊ฒ๋ ์ ํฅ๋ณ(arc)์ ๊ทธ์ด์ ๋จน์ด์ฌ์ฌ๋ก ํํํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ Cohen [11]์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ(digraph) D์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ทธ๋ํ(competition graph) C(D) ๋ V (D)๋ฅผ ๊ผญ์ง์ ์งํฉ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ ๋ ๊ผญ์ง์ u, v๋ฅผ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๋ณ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ผญ์ง์ w๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ์ฌ (u, w),(v, w)๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ D์์ ์ ํฅ๋ณ์ด ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋์น์ธ ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. Cohen์ด ๊ฒฝ์๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋์
ํ ์ดํ๋ก ๊ทธ ๋ณ์ด๋ค๋ก m-step ๊ฒฝ์๊ทธ๋ํ(m-step competition graph), (i, j)-step ๊ฒฝ์๊ทธ๋ํ((i, j)-step competition graph), ๊ณํต๊ทธ๋ํ(phylogeny graph), ๊ฒฝ์๊ณต์ ๊ทธ๋ํ(competition-common enemy graph), p-๊ฒฝ์๊ทธ๋ํ(p-competition graph), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง์๊ทธ๋ํ(niche graph)๊ฐ ๋์
๋์๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ผ๊ฐํ์ด ์์ด ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ m-step ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ ํธ๋ฆฌ(tree)์์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2 โค m < n์ ๋ง์กฑํ๋ ์ ์ m, n์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๊ผญ์ง์ ์ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ n๊ฐ์ด๊ณ m-step ๊ฒฝ์๊ทธ๋ํ๊ฐ ๋ณ๊ทธ๋ํ(star graph)๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์๋ฒฝํ๊ฒ ํน์งํ ํ์๋ค.
k โฅ 3์ด๊ณ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ง์ด์ง ์์ k-๋ถํ ๊ทธ๋ํ(oriented complete k-partite graph)์ (1, 2)-step ๊ฒฝ์๊ทธ๋ํ C_{1,2}(D)์์ ๊ฐ ๋ถํ ์ด ์์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ๋, C_{1,2}(D)์ ๋ชจ๋ ํน์งํ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, C_{1,2}(D)์ ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ถ(component)์ ์ง๋ฆ(diameter)์ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ ์ต๋ 3์ด๋ฉฐ C_{1,2}(D)์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์(domination number)์ ๋ํ ์๊ณ์ ์ต๋๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๊ทธ๋ํ(interval graph)๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ถฉ๋ถ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๊ตฌํ์๋ค.
์ฐจ์๊ฐ ์ ํ๋ ์ ํฅํ๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ(degree-bounded acyclic digraph)์ ๊ณํต๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ณต์ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์๋ค. ์์ ์ ์๋ค i, j์ ๋ํ์ฌ (i, j) ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ ๊ฐ ๊ผญ์ง์ ์ ๋ด์ฐจ์๋ ์ต๋ i, ์ธ์ฐจ์๋ ์ต๋ j์ธ ์ ํฅํ๋ก ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ์ด๋ค. ๋ง์ฝ ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ D์ ๊ฐ ๊ผญ์ง์ ์ด ๋ด์ฐจ์๊ฐ ์ต๋ i, ์ธ์ฐจ์๊ฐ ์ต๋ j ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ D๋ฅผ hi, ji ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ผ ํ๋ค.
D๊ฐ (i, 2) ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ์ผ ๋, D์ ๊ณํต๊ทธ๋ํ๊ฐ ํ๊ทธ๋ํ(chordal graph)๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ ์ํ D์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ง ์๊ณ ์ป์ด์ง๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ(underlying graph)์์ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ 4์ด์์ธ ํ๋ก(hole)์ ๊ธธ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ถฉ๋ถ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๊ตฌํ์๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ (i, j) ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ณํต๊ทธ๋ํ์์ ๋์ฌ ์ ์๋ ์์ฑ ๋ถ๋ถ ๊ทธ๋ํ(forbidden induced subgraph)๋ฅผ ํน์งํ ํ์๋ค.
(2, 2) ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ D์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ณต์ ๊ทธ๋ํ CCE(D)๊ฐ 2๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ (isolated vertex)๊ณผ ์ต๋ 1๊ฐ์ ํ๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ์ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ผ ๋์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, CCE(D)๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๊ทธ๋ํ๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์์ ๋ํ ์ถฉ๋ถ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๊ตฌํ์๋ค.1 Introduction 1
1.1 Graph theory terminology and basic concepts 1
1.2 Competition graphs and its variants 6
1.2.1 A brief background of competition graphs 6
1.2.2 Variants of competition graphs 8
1.2.3 m-step competition graphs 10
1.2.4 (1, 2)-step competition graphs 13
1.2.5 Phylogeny graphs 14
1.2.6 CCE graphs 16
1.3 A preview of the thesis 17
2 Digraphs whose m-step competition graphs are trees 19
2.1 The triangle-free m-step competition graphs 23
2.2 Digraphs whose m-step competition graphs are trees 29
2.3 The digraphs whose m-step competition graphs are star graphs 38
3 On (1, 2)-step competition graphs of multipartite tournaments 47
3.1 Preliminaries 48
3.2 C1,2(D) with a non-clique partite set of D 51
3.3 C1,2(D) without a non-clique partite set of D 66
3.4 C1,2(D) as a complete graph 74
3.5 Diameters and domination numbers of C1,2(D) 79
3.6 Disconnected (1, 2)-step competition graphs 82
3.7 Interval (1, 2)-step competition graphs 84
4 The forbidden induced subgraphs of (i, j) phylogeny graphs 90
4.1 A necessary condition for an (i, 2) phylogeny graph being chordal 91
4.2 Forbidden subgraphs for phylogeny graphs of degree bounded digraphs 99
5 On CCE graphs of (2, 2) digraphs 122
5.1 CCE graphs of h2, 2i digraphs 128
5.2 CCE graphs of (2, 2) digraphs 134
Abstract (in Korean) 168
Acknowledgement (in Korean) 170๋ฐ
Hole์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ฌ๋ฒ๋ํ ์ํ๊ต์ก๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๊น์๋ น.์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ํ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๊ณํต๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ผ๊ฐํ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ค.
๊ธธ์ด 4 ์ด์์ธ ์ ๋๋ ์ธ์ดํด์ ํ์ด๋ผ ํ๊ณ ํ์ด ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก, ์ธ์ดํด์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ณํต๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ํ๊ฐ ์ผ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ธ์ง ํ์ ํ๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ด์ง ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ฐํํ์ฌ ํด๋ฆญ์๊ฐ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ฐจ์ด ๋์ง ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ค.
๋จผ์ ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ณํต๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๊ฒ ํน์งํํ๊ณ , ์ ํฅ๊ทธ๋ํ ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ํฅ๋ณ์์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ ๊ทธ๋ํ๊ฐ ์ผ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ด๋ฉด, ์ ๊ณํต๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ํ ์ญ์ ์ผ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ์์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ์ ์์ ์ผ๊ฐํ์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ณํต๋ฐ์์๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐํ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ฅํ์ฌ ๋ง์ ์์ ์ผ๊ฐํ์ ํฌํจํ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ์ ๊ณํต๋ฐ์์๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐํ์๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅธ ํ ํธ ๊ทธ๋ํ ์ ๋น์ผ๊ฐํ ์ง์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ฅผ ๋ง์กฑํ๋ ์ ์ผ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํจ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ NC property๋ฅผ ๋ง์กฑํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ํ๊ฐ Hadwiger ์ถ์ธก๊ณผ Erd\H{o}s-Faber-Lov\'{a}sz ์ถ์ธก์ ๋ง์กฑํจ์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๊ณ , ๋น์ผ๊ฐํ ์ง์๊ฐ ์ ๊ณ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ค์ด linearly -bounded์์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ์๋ค.This thesis aims at studying phylogeny graphs and graph completions in the aspect of holes of graphs or digraphs. A hole of a graph is an induced cycle of length at least four and a graph is chordal if it does not contain a hole. Specifically, we determine whether the phylogeny graphs of acyclic digraphs are chordal or not and find a way of chordalizing a graph without increasing the size of maximum clique not so much. In this vein, the thesis is divided into two parts.
In the first part, we completely characterize phylogeny graphs of digraphs and digraphs, respectively, for a positive integer . Then, we show that the phylogeny graph of a digraph is chordal if the underlying graph of is chordal for any positive integer . In addition, we extend the existing theorems computing phylogeny numbers of connected graph with a small number of triangles to results computing phylogeny numbers of connected graphs with many triangles.
In the second part, we present a minimal chordal supergraph of a graph satisfying the inequality for the non-chordality index of . Using the above chordal supergraph as a tool, we prove that the family of graphs satisfying the NC property satisfies the Hadwiger conjecture and the Erd\H{o}s-Faber-Lov\'{a}sz Conjecture, and the family of graphs with bounded non-chordality indices is linearly -bounded.Contents
Abstract i
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Basic notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1 Phylogeny graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Graph colorings and chordal completions . . . . . . . . 14
2 Phylogeny graphs 19
2.1 Chordal phylogeny graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.1 (1,j) phylogeny graphs and (i,1) phylogeny graphs . . 20
2.1.2 (2,j) phylogeny graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2 The phylogeny number and the triangles and the diamonds of
a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3 A new minimal chordal completion 61
3.1 Graphs with the NC property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.2 The Erdห os-Faber-Lovรกsz Conjecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3 A minimal chordal completion of a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.3.1 Non-chordality indices of graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.3.2 Making a local chordalization really local . . . . . . . . 89
3.4 New ฯ-bounded classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Abstract (in Korean) 107Docto
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