A N-D VIRTUAL NOTEBOOK ABOUT THE BASILICA OF S. AMBROGIO IN MILAN: INFORMATION MODELING FOR THE COMMUNICATION OF HISTORICAL PHASES SUBTRACTION PROCESS

This essay describes the combination of 3D solutions and software techniques with traditional studies and researches in order to achieve an integrated digital documentation between performed surveys, collected data, and historical research. The approach of this study is based on the comparison of survey data with historical research, and interpretations deduced from a data cross-check between the two mentioned sources. The case study is the Basilica of S. Ambrogio in Milan, one of the greatest monuments in the city, a pillar of the Christianity and of the History of Architecture. It is characterized by a complex stratification of phases of restoration and transformation. Rediscovering the great richness of the traditional architectural notebook, which collected surveys and data, this research aims to realize a virtual notebook, based on a 3D model that supports the dissemination of the collected information. It can potentially be understandable and accessible by anyone through the development of a mobile app. The 3D model was used to explore the different historical phases, starting from the recent layers to the oldest ones, through a virtual subtraction process, following the methods of Archaeology of Architecture. Its components can be imported into parametric software and recognized both in their morphological and typological aspects. It is based on the concept of LoD and ReverseLoD in order to fit the accuracy required by each step of the research

Site, artefacts and landscape: Prehistoric Borg in-Nadur, Malta

In the past decade, Computer Graphics have become strategic for the development of projects aimed at the interpretation of archaeological evidence and the dissemination of scientific results to the public. Among all the solutions available, the use of 3D models is particularly relevant for the reconstruction of poorly preserved sites and monuments destroyed by natural causes or human action. These digital replicas are, at the same time, a virtual environment that can be used as a tool for the interpretative hypotheses of archaeologists and an effective medium for a visual description of the cultural heritage as it is crosses linguistic barriers. In this paper, the methodology, aims and outcomes of a virtual reconstruction of the Borġ in-Nadur megalithic temple, carried out by Archeomatica Project of the University of Catania, are offered as a case study for a Virtual Archaeology of prehistoric Malta.peer-reviewe

A DATABASE FOR THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE RECOVERY BETWEEN ITALY AND SWITZERLAND

The purpose of this paper is to show some results coming from the international Interreg-AlpStone project, a research whose main aim is the protection and valorisation of a rural Cultural Heritage, theme of recent growing interest. In particular the background of this contribute is the traditional stone architecture placed in the territory between Italy and Switzerland, while into the foreground is put the method to right document, archive and analyse information about the objects of study. The response comes from BIM technologies (acronym of Building Information Modeling) which objective is the creation of a dynamical and interoperable system allowing the share of information through a unique database. If these methods have been largely employed on new constructions, they still haven't been enough tested on the field of historical architecture. In order to fill this gap, the paper suggest a method leading to the creation of a Cultural Heritage information system, which arise during the survey phase and continue through the detection of different building information, the proposal of recovery solutions, the asset georeferentiation on the territory and finally the moment of sharing information on a web platform. The creation of an architectural database is made possible by a survey based on point clouds. The latter constitute then the input data for the creation of a 3D model made with a parametric software allowing the increase of various kind of information. The future work plans will complete this project by locating the Cultural Heritage models on a webGIS

CULTURAL HERITAGE RECONSTRUCTION FROM HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND VIDEOS

Historical archives save invaluable treasures and play a critical role in the conservation of Cultural Heritage. Old photographs and videos, which have survived over time and stored in these archives, preserve traces of architecture and urban transformation and, in many cases, are the only evidence of buildings that no longer exist. They are a precious source of enormous informative potential in Cultural Heritage documentation and save invaluable treasures. Thanks to photogrammetric techniques it is possible to extract metric information from these sources useful for 3D virtual reconstructions of monuments and historic buildings. This paper explores the ways to search for, classify and group historical data by considering their possible use in metric documentation and aims to provide an overview of criticality and open issues of the methodologies that could be used to process these data. A practical example is described and presented as a case study. The video "Torino 1928", an old movie dating from the 1930s, was processed for reconstructing the temporary pavilions of the "Exposition" held in Turin in 1928. Despite the initial concerns relating to processing this kind of data, the experimental methodology used in this research has allowed to reach a quality of results of acceptable standard

AUGMENTED TURIN BAROQUE ATRIA: AR EXPERIENCES FOR ENHANCING CULTURAL HERITAGE

Abstract. This paper presents the most recent developments in a project aimed to the documentation, storage and dissemination of the cultural heritage. The subject of the project are more than 70 Baroque atria in Turin, recognized by critics for their particular unitary vaulted systems Our research team is currently working on digitizing documents and studying ways to enhance and share these results through ICT. In particular, we want to explore possibilities for recognizing and tracing three-dimensional objects in augmented reality (AR) applications connected to the collected data. Recent developments in this field relate to the technology available on widespread mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones, allowing for real-time 3D scanning. Using software prototypes, we want to introduce some problems involved in integrating this technology into digital archives.</p

Linking buildings, archives and museums of the 19th century Turin's Cultural Heritage

The documentation of Cultural Heritage asset is the basis for all the interventions and policies on Cultural heritage conservation and management. The documentation is mainly based on historic knowledge and metric survey. As far as historic knowledge is concerned many information are still recorded and preserved inside written documents that are usually not easy to reach and correctly understandable by all the experts that have specific responsibilities on Cultural Heritage. The digitalization of documents (hardly faced in the last years) is not sufficient to guarantee the effective access to the historical information useful inside a documentation process. The documentation always needs an historical interpretation based on a critical reading produced by linking heterogeneous materials. Iconography also is an important source when it is correctly interpreted and linked to other sources. IT development and digital technology diffusion allowed offering new way to record, organize and share historical information: GIS and 3D modeling can be used as standard approaches to transfer the historical knowledge in a proper way to specialists involved in Cultural Heritage conservation and management. They have been generally used as tool to represent information for different targets, the ones mostly for specialized users, the others for edutainment. GIS are largely diffused yet in the Cultural Heritage management, and 3D modeling is wide spread used in museums communication. Nevertheless, both of them have more potential. They could be integrated in order to manage different data set related with the same matter. They could be used to make new research by surveying and improving interpretation in a way ready to transmit the outcomes. To produce a new generation of affordable digital historical products is necessary that the GIS and 3D modeling design and realization would be developed in a multidisciplinary approach that must be explained and demonstrated to the people that in the future will offer to the community this expertise. The paper describes a teaching and research training experience started two years ago at the Politecnico di Torino in the master course on Architecture (Conservation)

HBIM, dibujo 3D y realidad virtual aplicados a sitios arqueológicos y ruinas antiguas

[EN] Data collection, documentation and analysis of the traces of ancient ruins and archaeological sites represent an inestimable value to be handed down to future generations. Thanks to the development of new technologies in the field of computer graphics, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR) and three-dimensional (3D) digital survey, this research proposes new levels of interactivity between users and virtual environments capable of communicating the tangible and intangible values of remains of ancient ruins. In this particular field of development, 3D drawing and digital modelling are based on the application of new Scan-to-HBIM-to-VR specifications capable of transforming simple points (point clouds) into mathematical models and digital information. Thanks to the direct application of novel grades of generation (GOG) and accuracy (GOA) it has been possible to go beyond the creation of complex models for heritage BIM (HBIM) and explore the creation of informative 3D representation composed by subelements (granular HBIM objects) characterized by a further level of knowledge. The value of measurement, 3D drawing and digital modelling have been investigated from the scientific point of view and oriented to the generation of a holistic model able to relate both with architects, engineers, and surveyors but also with archaeologists, restorers and virtual tourists.[ES] La captura de datos, la documentación y el análisis de los restos de las ruinas antiguas y  de  los sitios arqueológicos representan una herencia inestimabile que debe ser transferida a las generaciones futúras. Gracias al desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías en el campo de los gráficos por ordenador, el modelado de información de la construción (BIM), la realidad virtual (RV) y el levantamiento  digital tridimensional (3D), esta investigación propone nuevos niveles de interacción entre los usuarios y los entornos digitales que pueden comunicar los valores tangibiles e intangibles de los restos de las ruinas antiguas. En este particular ámbito de desarrollo, el dibujo 3D y la modelización digital se basan en la aplicación de las nuevas especificaciones escaneado-a-HBIM-a-RV, capaces de transformar puntos simples (nubes de puntos) en modelos matemáticos e informacción digital. Gracias a la aplicación directa de los GOG (grados of generación) y GOA (grados de exactitud) ha sido posible ir más allá de la creacción de los complejos BIM patrimoniales (HBIM) y explorar la creacción de representaciones 3D, formada por sub-elementos (objetos HBIM granulares) caracterizados por un mayor nivel de conocimiento. El valor de la medición, el dibujo 3D y el modelado digital ha sido investigado desde un enfoque científico y orientado a la generación de un modelo holístico capaz de relacionar tanto a arquitectos, ingenieros y aparejadores con arqueológos, restauradores y turistas virtuales.Banfi, F. (2020). HBIM, 3D drawing and virtual reality for archaeological sites and ancient ruins. Virtual Archaeology Review. 11(23):16-33. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.12416OJS16331123Alby, E., Vigouroux, E., & Elter, R. (2019). Implementation of survey and three-dimensional monitoring of archaeological excavations of the Khirbat al-Dusaq site, Jordan. 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Heritage building information modelling. Abingdon: Routledge. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315628011Banfi, F. (2019). HBIM generation: extending geometric primitives and bim modelling tools for heritage structures and complex vaulted systems. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-139-2019Banfi, F. (2017). BIM orientation: grades of generation and information for different type of analysis and management process. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII(2/W5), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-57-2017Banfi, F., Brumana, R., & Stanga, C. (2019). Extended reality and informative models for the architectural heritage: from scan-to-BIM process to virtual and augmented reality. 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G., & Soibelman, L. (2019). The role of knowledge-based information on BIM for built heritage. In Advances in Informatics and Computing in Civil and Construction Engineering (pp. 27-34). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00220-6_4Cuca, B., & Barazzetti, L. (2018). Damages from extreme flooding events to cultural heritage and landscapes: water component estimation for Centa River (Albenga, Italy). Advances in Geosciences, 45, 389-395. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-389-2018Della Torre, S. (2012). Renovation and post-intervention management. Annales, Series Historia et Sociologia, 22(2), 533-538.Diara, F., & Rinaudo, F. (2019). From reality to parametric models of cultural heritage assets for HBIM. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 413-419, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-413-2019Dore, C., Murphy, M., McCarthy, S., Brechin, F., Casidy, C., & Dirix, E. (2015). Structural simulations and conservation analysis-historic building information model (HBIM). International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XL-5/W4, 351-357. https://doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-5-W4-351-2015Fai, S., & Rafeiro, J. (2014). Establishing an appropriate level of detail (LoD) for a building information model (BIM)-West Block, Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, II-5, 123-130. https://doi:10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-123-2014Fazio, L., & Lo Brutto, M. (2019). 3D Survey for the archaeological study and virtual reconstruction of the "Sanctuary of Isis" in the ancient Lilybaeum (Italy). Virtual Archaeology Review, 11(22), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.11928Garagnani, S., Gaucci, A., & Gruška, B. (2016). From the archaeological record to ArchaeoBIM: the case study of the Etruscan temple of Uni in Marzabotto. Virtual Archaeology Review, 7(15), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2016.5846Georgopoulos, A., (2018a). Contemporary Digital Technologies at the Service of Cultural Heritage. In B. Chanda, S. Chaudhuri, S. Chaudhury (Eds.), Heritage Preservation (pp. 1-20). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7221-5_1Georgopoulos, A., Ioannidis, C., Soile, S., Tapeinaki, S., Chliverou, R., Moropoulou, A., Tsilimantou, E., & Lampropoulos, K. (2018b). The role of Digital Geometric Documentation in the Rehabilitation of the Tomb of Christ. In 3rd International Congress & Expo Digital Heritage 2018. https://10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2018.8810044Grussenmeyer, P., Landes, T., Voegtle, T., & Ringle, K. (2008). Comparison Methods of Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Photogrammetry and Tacheometry Data for Recording of Cultural Heritage Buildings. 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Engineering Structures, 153, 224-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.10.026Kuo, C. L., Cheng, Y. M., Lu, Y. C., Lin, Y. C., Yang, W. B., & Yen, Y. N. (2018). A Framework for Semantic Interoperability in 3D Tangible Cultural Heritage in Taiwan. In Euro-Mediterranean Conference (pp. 21-29). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01765-1_3Kumar, S. S., & Cheng, J. C. (2015). A BIM-based automated site layout planning framework for congested construction sites. Automation in Construction, 59, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.07.008Lerma, J. L., Navarro, S., Cabrelles, M., & Villaverde, V. (2010). Terrestrial laser scanning and close range photogrammetry for 3D archaeological documentation: the Upper Palaeolithic Cave of Parpalló as a case study. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(3), 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.011López, F. J., Lerones, P. M., Llamas, J., Gómez-García-Bermejo, J., & Zalama, E. (2018). Linking HBIM graphical and semantic information through the Getty AAT: Practical application to the Castle of Torrelobatón. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 364, No. 1, p. 012100). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/364/1/012100Masiero, A., Chiabrando, F., Lingua, A. M., Marino, B. G., Fissore, F., Guarnieri, A., & Vettore, A. (2019). 3D modeling of Girifalco Fortress. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W9, 473-478, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W9-473-2019Nieto Julián, J. E., & Moyano Campos, J. J. (2013). La necesidad de un modelo de información aplicado al patrimonio arquitectónico. In 1er Congreso Nacional BIM-EUBIM. Valencia, Spain. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4979/bf843da620460cdaa4c3520acd5d5ad8a23c.pdfNieto Julián, J., & Moyano Campos, J. (2014). The paramental study on the model of information of historic building or "HBIM Project". 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Geoinformatics for the conservation and promotion of cultural heritage in support of the UN Sustainable Development Goals

Cultural Heritage (CH) is recognised as being of historical, social, and anthropological value and is considered as an enabler of sustainable development. As a result, it is included in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 11 and 8. SDG 11.4 emphasises the protection and safeguarding of heritage, and SDG 8.9 aims to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products. This paper briefly reviews the geoinformatics technologies of photogrammetry, remote sensing, and spatial information science and their application to CH. Detailed aspects of CH-related SDGs, comprising protection and safeguarding, as well as the promotion of sustainable tourism are outlined. Contributions of geoinformatics technologies to each of these aspects are then identified and analysed. Case studies in both developing and developed countries, supported by funding directed at the UN SDGs, are presented to illustrate the challenges and opportunities of geoinformatics to enhance CH protection and to promote sustainable tourism. The potential and impact of geoinformatics for the measurement of official SDG indicators, as well as UNESCO's Culture for Development Indicators, are discussed. Based on analysis of the review and the presented case studies, it is concluded that the contribution of geoinformatics to the achievement of CH SDGs is necessary, significant and evident. Moreover, following the UNESCO initiative to introduce CH into the sustainable development agenda and related ICOMOS action plan, the concept of Sustainable Cultural Heritage is defined, reflecting the significance of CH to the United Nations' ambition to "transform our world"